From: eskrima-digest-owner@hpwsrt.cup.hp.com To: eskrima-digest@hpwsrt.cup.hp.com Subject: Inayan_Eskrima/FMA-Digest V7 #36 Reply-To: eskrima@hpwsrt.cup.hp.com Errors-To: eskrima-digest-owner@hpwsrt.cup.hp.com Precedence: Inayan_Eskrima/FMA-Digest Fri, 21 Jan 2000 Vol 07 : Num 036 In this issue: eskrima: RE: Serak eskrima: RE: Inayan_Eskrima/FMA-Digest V7 #35 eskrima: Inayan Code eskrima: Re: Inayan_Eskrima/FMA-Digest V7 #35 eskrima: Re: Inayan_Eskrima/FMA-Digest V7 #35 eskrima: Conduct in FMA eskrima: Greetings to All eskrima: pulling wool eskrima: reality eskrima: Anna & the King/Gold Star MA eskrima: Re: Inayan_Eskrima/FMA-Digest V7 #35 eskrima: fma morality eskrima: Whats in a name and stuff eskrima: Mr. Crafty's dog (?) eskrima: gross generalization eskrima: Code of conduct in the FMA eskrima: Re: Inayan_Eskrima/FMA-Digest V7 #34 [none] ========================================================================== Eskrima-Digest, serving the Internet since June 1994. ~1100 members strong! Copyright 1994-2000: Ray Terry, Martial Arts Resource, and Inayan Eskrima Replying to this message will NOT unsubscribe you. To unsubscribe, send "unsubscribe eskrima-digest" (no quotes) in the body (top line, left justified) of a plain text e-mail addressed to majordomo@hpwsrt.cup.hp.com. To send e-mail to this list use eskrima@hpwsrt.cup.hp.com See the Filipino Martial Arts (FMA) FAQ and online search the last four years worth of digest issues at http://www.MartialArtsResource.com Mabuhay ang eskrima! ---------------------------------------------------------------------- From: sikal@yahoo.com Date: Thu, 20 Jan 2000 17:49:25 -0500 Subject: eskrima: RE: Serak Incidentally, for more information on Victor de Thouars and his Serak Tjabang, go to http://www.serak.net This is the official website for his Tjabang. Regards, Mike ==== God gives us our relatives - thank God we can chose our friends. -- Ethel Watts Mumford (1878-1940) ------------------------------ From: Stuart Igarta Date: Thu, 20 Jan 2000 18:14:23 -0500 (EST) Subject: eskrima: RE: Inayan_Eskrima/FMA-Digest V7 #35 Way to go Big Joe! Too many bleeding heart liberals and sensitive types. Stuart ................................................................................. iWon.com http://www.iwon.com why wouldn't you? ................................................................................. ------------------------------ From: "Jason Inay" Date: Thu, 20 Jan 2000 15:24:27 PST Subject: eskrima: Inayan Code As far as morals are concerned in Inayan: There are nine components to the student code and 3 for guros Jason Inay ______________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free Email at http://www.hotmail.com ------------------------------ From: Kurokuwa@aol.com Date: Thu, 20 Jan 2000 18:42:32 EST Subject: eskrima: Re: Inayan_Eskrima/FMA-Digest V7 #35 In a message dated 01/20/2000 5:49:54 PM Eastern Standard Time, eskrima-digest-owner@hpwsrt.cup.hp.com writes: << Subject: eskrima: Re: Inayan_Eskrima/FMA-Digest V7 #34; Filipino Names... >> Ken, Thanks so much for this post. You have to have been there to appreciate the hilarity. I forwarded it to my sister, who remembers the culture shock we experienced during our family visit in '93. My wife, not Pinoy, reminded me that during our jeepney ride from San Pablo City to Manila, we would see towns like those mentioned in the article. "You are now leaving Baraping,,,you are now entering Barapang" James Loriega ------------------------------ From: "paul martin" Date: Fri, 21 Jan 2000 01:01:03 GMT Subject: eskrima: Re: Inayan_Eskrima/FMA-Digest V7 #35 Responses to FMA and Morality: THere have been alot of responses that have been interesting and I know that there will be more but I want to touch on some: First of all, even with FMA as a "COMBAT" art there should be some discretionary training. In the combat training you recieve in the modern military there is rules of engagement training and use of force training that tells you the guidelines that you are to follow. This has nothing to do with religion or philosophy, it just says that there are times that it is appropriate and times when it isn't appropriate to use force and what level to go to under certain situations. It doesn't say that it has to be strictly defensive either. It does have to be within the scope of the mission. I am not talking about philosophy or religion as someone mistook my posting to be. I am talking about some kind of training in the cultural morality that will let you keep within the framework of right of self preservation and protection of others. That could be local/federal laws, or as in some of the Kenpo systems a creed that is discussed from time to time within the class. I am not saying to turn off your ability to reason and accept anothers belief system, but there is value in sharing your sense of responsibility about a topic that you are INSTRUCTING to STUDENTS. When you take driver's ed. you DO recieve a lecture on the responsibility of being a vehicle operator and that is why you want to be trained as a better driver. I remember all the safety films talking about responsibility. When you recieve firearms training, you DO recieve training on the laws and how to responsibly maintain and use a firearm to make sure you are a better firearms user. I remember getting many a chewing out about muzzle awareness when I let the business end of my weapons pass over another person - that's responsibility training. Remember the talk about guns are not toys? Just draw your gun and point it as someone at the wrong time and you will WISH that someone had taught you how and when to use it responsibly! Doesn't it stand to reason that you SHOULD recieve some kind of training that reminds you of the responsibility as a person trained in a way of doing physical damage to another person? And I don't remember who wrote it, but there is more to martial arts training than just learning to move your body in particular way. You are being taught to do destructive things to another person. Would you want your kids learning Martial arts from someone who didn't also say that they shouldn't use this on their brothers and sisters just because they are mad at them? That's what I am talking about - not being converted to Buddhism. Just reinforcing the responsibility of a person who knows how to effectively and efficiently break another human being up. Do you advocate violence in the workplace or the home? As far as the "Masters" being kind and gentle...right. People are people where ever you go. There were good ones and there were bad ones. We have corrupt militaries and police, they did too back then. I am discussing right now, in the modern age. As far as a code of conduct for Philipino warriors, tell me where to go to find it or tell me the source that told you there was one. I would seriously like to see it. This is the first time I have heard of it. I know that the Japanese Samurai followed the code of Budo, what did the FMA's follow? Like I said, I am not ignoring the human factors of aggression that AMac and others have discussed at length. I recognize the aggressive reaction to stupid and insulting situations. I feel the same thing. Believe me. Being here in Bosnia can be very frustrating. You see the people suffering under a system that is restructuring for democracy and yet is still corrupt. People talk about having to pay bribes to just get a chance at a job because of some of the "Old Men" still being around. The UN and the US can't just walk in here and lay down the law and execute people indicriminately on one hand and then talk about peace and democracy on the other. In our everyday life we can't talk about Martial Art being an Art without somekind of expression to it. When you are teaching your Art you are influencing the way people think. What are you passing on? Sorry for being so preachy Paul ______________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free Email at http://www.hotmail.com ------------------------------ From: "Chris D." Date: Fri, 21 Jan 2000 01:22:01 GMT Subject: eskrima: Conduct in FMA Greetings all. You guys brought up a good topic. I'll be honest and say that I've forgotten all about how the original conduct of arnis. I prefer FMA over the other styles because it takes a more direct approach to fighting. I've noticed over time while training that I've become aggressive as I progressed. I guess it's too much self confidence. Going back to the post, nowadays I think that most fighters are eager to beat up somebody for crossing them. They can control themselves from doing that, but the itch to get revenge is sometimes too much for some people. ______________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free Email at http://www.hotmail.com ------------------------------ From: "Kyud" Date: Thu, 20 Jan 2000 19:06:35 -0800 Subject: eskrima: Greetings to All Just some info. I have re-done the Arnis Balite site. Added taken away etc. Please visit sometime at your convenience http://www.wizard.com/~kyud/ Respectfully Steven Dowd Sa Pinuno ------------------------------ From: "Carlton H. Fung, D.D.S." Date: Thu, 20 Jan 2000 16:06:41 -0800 Subject: eskrima: pulling wool Steve, You miss the point. There is no wool pulling. Guro I would say that knowledge is everyone's even if one is an A-hole. He is very hopeful and altruistic that someday those people who gained some knowledge can make the great leap to enlightenment and practice a life of giving more than they take and therefore receive more than they give. All teachers know that their students can achieve enlighenment when they are ready. It is kinda like when you went to school and suddenly you understand the answer to a problem. Regards, Carlton H. Fung, D.D.S. Redondo Beach, Ca. - ----- Original Message ----- > ect. - so if his instructor's aren't passing that message along, well i > guess they missed the boat, and obviously pulled the wool over guro Dan's > eye's, because they where only putting on a faced around him and he didn't > know their true nature - > > steve reiter ------------------------------ From: John Frankl Date: Fri, 21 Jan 2000 00:38:03 -0500 (EST) Subject: eskrima: reality "thats why harimau players dont worry about punches, they just arent in line with any "boxing" weapons steve reiter" And the Titanic was unsinkable. Jerry ------------------------------ From: Sidney525@aol.com Date: Fri, 21 Jan 2000 01:09:09 EST Subject: eskrima: Anna & the King/Gold Star MA Anna & the King has Chow Yun-Fat doing what looks like a Thai sword kata for about 10 seconds if that, and that is about it for m.a. in the movie. Though it is a good movie otherwise. Gold Star M.A. out of Carl Junction, MO has started a video rental program for m.a. videos. The majority of it is Panther, but they also have Terry Gibson Silat and Krav Maga. It cost me $22 including shipping to get 3 videos. The videos came right away and in good condition. If anyone is interested I'll post the 800 number. Sid Stein FKEAC ------------------------------ From: "Steven Drape" Date: Thu, 20 Jan 2000 22:50:08 PST Subject: eskrima: Re: Inayan_Eskrima/FMA-Digest V7 #35 >There is such a code within the FMA, a warrior's code of conduct. >Eskrimadors were well respected in the society of the Filipinos, because >they were viewed upon as protector of the people. They were treated with >the utmost respect right up there with other leaders of the Filipino >society. This was before the land was taken over by the Spaniards. >With such responsibilities that comes with being a warrior. The >Eskrimadors had to carry themselves in a manner that the people would >continue to respect them. They did not go around killing or hurting >someone at the slightest incident. They fought when they had to... not >because they want to. >The "old men" that have decided to share their knowledge with us kept that >code. They were kind, gentle, and try to help their fellow neighbors when >they can. They love life and cherished it. When they fought, it's because >they had no choice, it came down to a matter of life or death. >Unfortunately, what we hear of the FMA is how effective & deadly the art >is. And that Eskrimador tested their skills in "Death Mathches". >But you don't hear the other side of the story. The kindler and peaceful >side to these warriors. While this may have some truth in it, perhaps for people in small villages or out in the countryside, for the most part, eskrimadors of the modern era (let's say the last 50-75 years) were not "kind, gentle,...". The people who learned eskrima in the past used it for personal protection, or for the good of their family or group, but many also found a way to use it for their own personal gain. In general, eskrimadors tended to be from the lower end of the social scale, the poorest, among the least educated and, just like the same group of people in any western city, were the most willing to use what they learned. Because of the social order in the Philippines, rich people had/have small personal armies that they use to conduct their "business". Eskrimadors were often an integral part of these groups. Even today, many of the old eskrimadors were at one point members of some rich guy's personal force. I can think of three famous examples right off the top of my head in Cebu, and these are people I know personally. They learned eskrima as young men, either joined the army (and perhaps fought in WW II or one of the many smaller events, local or otherwise) or the police force, and when they left they joined some sort of private group, or used the art as needed, such as for working on the docks, as an enforcer for gangs, etc.. A good example was Delphin Lopez, one of the most feared balintawak fighters. He was a high-ranking officer in the Cebu police department, and when he left it, became the head of the Cojuanco clan's security. There is still a Delphin Lopez Security Company in business today in Cebu. Most of the old men that I know are still living and I don't think it's appropriate to put their names or current/past affiliations on a public forum, but if any of them are kind and gentle today, it is because they learned from a life full of warfare and conflict that that is the way to be. Eskrima was violence and conflict, and whatever kindness and gentleness developed came from that conflict and the insight that grew out of it, not the eskrima training! The simple fact that they are so expert in the arts speaks volumes about their younger days. You don't get good at fighting unless you fight a lot, and you don't continue to fight if you aren't winning. In addition, winning and getting respect from people is just plain enjoyable, especially if one is near the bottom of the social pecking order in most other aspects! This is not a put down of these men by any means. I am of the opinion that all martial arts were once this way. Philosophy came later, after survival. It is amazing what surviving combat does for one's viewpoint, and unless you have been there, no one can explain it to you. These "kind, gentle..." men learned what is important from combat. They did not start out kind and gentle, nor did they learn some code of kindness from eskrima. They first learned how to be successful in a violent encounter, then learned the value of peace from that violence. Steve ______________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free Email at http://www.hotmail.com ------------------------------ From: Saturbo@aol.com Date: Fri, 21 Jan 2000 02:04:58 EST Subject: eskrima: fma morality Morality in the FMA is as apparent as any other MA. As in ANY other MA, much of the morality of a practitioner depends upon the teachings from his guro. The ORIGINAL old eskrimadors (from Stockton, CA) such as the great masters Angel Cabales (One of Inosanto's early guros), Gilbert Tenio, and others stressed the mental and moral aspects of a confrontation to their students as part of their teachings. Angel Cabales in particular had much to share in this regard as much of his training came in the form of life or death challenges from other highly skilled eskrimadors. As would ANY sensei, sifu, etc of ANY system who placed a high value on the ethical and moral values of his students, a guro of the FMA would make high moral standards a high priority in their teachings. The fact that the systems we practice (Eskrima, Kali, Arnis, Silat, etc) seem to place such a high value on effectiveness in combat situations where better judgment can be easily clouded by adrenaline, the focus on morality and conduct should remain as paramount as the focus on our techniques. To say that "FMA focuses on the fight and does not really >express a moral consideration" is to say that as we practice our arts, we are merely training ourselves as mindless killers. Steve Reiter seems like he is the one who is missing the point entirely. He and ANY guro who shares the need to "know the value of beating the hell out of some a-hole who desperatly needs it" is truly missing the point of what the martial arts is about. There IS a moral obligation that comes along with training in the ability to cause serious physical damage. However, if you need some written moral code of conduct, then you are nothing more than an animal. The code of conduct lies within the boundaries of common sense and courtesy for the safety of our fellow human beings. Any wild animal can respond to the impulses to rip apart a fellow beast who riles his temper. It takes a man in tune with some greater sense to recognize that even though he is trained in techniques to harm a man who provokes him so, there is some motivation to turn the other cheek, and that it is indeed the right thing to do (although it cannot and will not always be easy). Any ignorant 400 pound redneck with a 2x4 in his hands can beat the crap out of a man who inspires his wrath. A true master is the one who recognizes that he could easily dispatch the provoker of such a confrontation but instead diffuses the situation with the use of other means. I wouldn't want my children (I have none) training with a guro who taught in the opposite frame of mind. I don't care how good he was, or how effective his system was. The essential historical use of the FMA was in defense of the sovereignty of the Phillipine Islands and the Filipino way of life from invaders from all parts of the world throughout history. As such, the great master eskrimadors taught their art as a means of handling a situation that degenerated to one that necessitated their use in order to protect their families or own well-being. That is the code of conduct. A reasonable man shouldn't need that in writing. Would any guro who didn't understand that be any different than Jeff Bridges' sensei character in the "Karate Kid?" R Saturno, Jr ------------------------------ From: tenrec Date: Fri, 21 Jan 2000 07:20:28 +0000 Subject: eskrima: Whats in a name and stuff Maj. Ken McD submitted an article by a certain Matthew Sutherland on Filipino names. On first reading, my reaction was "Yeah, so?" However, it slowly dawned upon me that the author was not familiar (in all his six years) with the reasons behind the "naming conventions." Each name-type has a particular function, or is the product of evolution, or is a combination thereof. To wit: >Fifty-five year-olds with names that sound like five-year olds...Where I >come from a boy with a nickname like Boy Blue or Honey Boy would be >beaten >to death at school by preadolescent bullies, and never make it to >adulthood. Mr. Sutherland has obviously never heard the Johnny Cash song "A Man Called Sue"...same principle applies...you do not want to tangle with a 55-year old "Honey Boy"... >So would girls with names like Babes, Lovely, Precious, Peachy... These names were corruptions of their original Filipino names: Babes was probably an anglicized short-cut for "baboy" (pig); Lovely can come from "Lavandera," Precious from "Precopia", and Peachy from "Pechay," (a member of the local flora). Anglicizing the name makes the bearer feel more "sosy" (or "sosyal" which means, roughly, "sophisticated and cosmopolitan") > Then I noticed how many people have what I have come to call >"door-bell names." These are nicknames that sound >like-well, door-bells. There are millions of them. Bing, Bong, Ding, > and Dong are some of the more common. These names are evolutionary contractions of the original names, for example: "Ding" is short-hand for Nanding, which is short for Fernando, Armando, Orlando, atb. Through evolution, the name logically shortens to simply "Ding." Bing can come from Babing, which may come from Baboy (this could also be anglicized-- see above). >They can be used in even more door-bell like cominations such as >Bing-Bong, Ding-Dong, Ting-Ting, and so on. >Repeating names was another novelty to me, having never before >encountered people with names like Len-Len, Let-Let, Mai-Mai, or >Ning-Ning. This had me confused for a while. Adding a second syllable is sometimes necessary when there is more than one Ding within the same family, clan or geographical location. A second "ding" or "len" is added to the name to differentiate one "ding" or "len" from the other. The second name can also be modified slightly (the "i" in ding can be changed to "o" to make it dong) to make the name more lyrical. It also preserves a cultural predisposition toward symmetry. >Then there is the trend for >parents to stick to a theme when naming their children. This can be as >simple as making them all begin with the same letter, as in Jun, Jimmy, >Janice, and Joy. This is simple economics: all family members have the same initials, which saves money on monogrammed towels, monogrammed emblems on the stainless steel family jeep, and the great big iron family initials welded to the gate. >More imaginative parents shoot for more sophisticated >forms of assonance or rhyme, as in Biboy, Boboy, Buboy, Baby. Modifications of the same basic root name "baboy." They cannot ALL be called "baboy." And why waste time and effort to think up whole new names (Aloyisius, Jedediah, Cool-J), when, by simply changing key letters in the string, you can come up with entirely unique identifiers. (Rather elegant.) >Even better >parents can create whole families of say, desserts, Apple Pie, Cherry >Pie, Honey Pie, or flowers (Rose, Tulip). These are meant as a sign of respect, to pay homage to the "anito" (folk-god) or patron saint of a particular trade or profession. In the case of Apple Pie & her pie sisters, for example, her father is obviously a baker paying homage to St. Cinnamon. (BTW &FWIW: I used to work with Apple's sister, Tina. I was going out their older sister, Hare, but that is another story :) ) In the latter case, the parents are in the flower-cutting business, or own a number of motels... >How boring to come from a country like the UK full of people with names >like John Smith. I beg to disagree with Mat-mat on this one...the UK has a number of colorful names: Ringo Starr, Spike Milligan, Queen Elisabeth (she had it before Queen Latifah), and Prince Charles (or is it The Prince Formerly Known As Charles)...not to mention Big Ben... >How wonderful to come from a country where imagination >and exoticism rule the world of names. Even the towns here have weird >names; my favorite is the unbelieveably-named town of Sexmoan >(ironically >close to Olongapo and Angeles). Where else in the world could that >really >be true ? Well there he has me cold. >Where else could you have the head of the Church really be called >Cardinal >>Sin ? Where else in the world could Angel, Gigi, and Mandy be grown-up >men ?..." Angel is common among other Latin countries (pronounced "Ung-Hell"), taken directly from the Spanish. It is not unique to the Philippines. Gigi is based on a mispronounciation of the initials J.J. (say, for John Joseph), not an uncommon name in the West. When spoken by a Visayan, "jay-jay" sounds a lot like "gee-gee." Hence Gigi. Mandy is a contraction of Armando, Norman or Mandingo, just like Andy is for Andrew, Susy or Susie for Susan, or Katie for Katherine (logical, no?) So you can see that, contrary to Mr. Sunderland's inferences, Filipino names are not frivolously given, but are thoughtfully and deliberately chosen after careful, painstaking consideration. BTW, he forgot all about names melded from two totally different names: For example, Mario and Victoria are truncated and combined to form Mar-Vic; Caridad and Mark Gerald yield Car-Ger; while Farina and Tinsdale Gottlieb name their baby Far-go...get the picture? I'm cheer's to that! tenrec (alyas Tenejeros Recuerdos) tenrec@avcorner.com ------------------------------ From: tenrec Date: Fri, 21 Jan 2000 07:21:38 +0000 Subject: eskrima: Mr. Crafty's dog (?) Vincent Bollozos wrote: >I'm looking for resources on Moro-Moro play's on the a web, print , a >contact or otherwise. Ideally, I'm looking to actually put one on. Any >help would be appreciated. Where are you and how soon do you need the info? I might (repeat might) have someone who can be of help...a contact person (not yet Internet capable)...you can email me privately on this... tenrec tenrec@avcorner.com ------------------------------ From: tenrec Date: Fri, 21 Jan 2000 07:22:05 +0000 Subject: eskrima: gross generalization steve reiter wrote: >because almost everyone has trained at some time >with >guro Dan or one of his instructor's - in his douce methodos (12 >area's/method's) the last one is healing/spirituality (dr. gyi also says >one Who 'xactly do you mean by "almost everyone" Mr. Reiter? ;-/ I'm pretty sure there are "some" posters who have not had the privilege studying under Mr. Dan or any of his instructors... Take note: in some cultures, presuming that one is Mr. X's or GM Y's student could be misconstrued as a personal insult, which could result in a duel... (Oddly enough, presuming that someone is not Mr. Z or GM A's student could also be misconstrued as a personal insult, which could result in a duel...best bet: if you don't know what you're talking about, keep your cakehole shut) A friendly reminder from tenrec tenrec@avcorner.com ------------------------------ From: "Anderson" Date: Fri, 21 Jan 2000 23:11:29 +1000 Subject: eskrima: Code of conduct in the FMA In respect to the comment made by Paul about the Filipino Martial arts instructors not having a code of conduct, I wish to add my .02 if possible. As a FMA instructor and retired military member who has taught military personnel for more than 2 decades, I feel that this statement is untrue. I have met with several different martial arts instructors who are also military affiliated and teach both military and civilian students who have different standards of conduct in their arts and schools. The standard code of conduct that was inplace by my instructors (most of which were filipino) and taught military personnel was drilled into my training as I progressed through the ranks from beginning student to instructor level was heightened by the personal ethics of each individual. When I trained in the Philippines, my instructors were not of the John Wayne mentality of the american military and most hotshots didn't last long in the training. In my teachings, I have placed a strict code of conduct on myself and my students that if they use the teachings that I give them for other than personal self defense, they are dropped from the class real quick. I have had several students/friends who were both Lawyers in the military and local communities where I taught come in and explain the rules of both the civil and military judicial communities to explain the liabilities of their responsibilities in the escalation of force in different situations. Once these are explained, the students have a new outlook as to the use of our arts as they were supposed to be taught and not abused. Ok, off of my soap box now Bill Maharlika Kuntaw Guam ------------------------------ From: TGAce@aol.com Date: Fri, 21 Jan 2000 08:56:53 EST Subject: eskrima: Re: Inayan_Eskrima/FMA-Digest V7 #34 Rocky Writes, <> I see your point but Taoism is the more "gentler" philosophy that Tai Chi ascribes to. Zen Buddhism was picked up by the Samurai Warrior because of its philosophy of living in the "now". Zen Buddhism (in a simplified nutshell) states that enlightenment comes from pure observation of the moment you are in, without the influence of past experience or worries of the future. This allows pure reaction to attack, minus any background "mind chatter" noise. It also resulted in a more "fearless" mindset about death and injury. Much more of a warrior philosophy than the touchie feely stuff it gets applied to today. Tom Gerace ------------------------------ From: Ray Terry Date: Fri, 21 Jan 2000 06:42:04 -0800 (PST) Subject: [none] ------------------------------ End of Inayan_Eskrima/FMA-Digest V7 #36 *************************************** To unsubscribe from the eskrima-digest send the command: unsubscribe eskrima-digest -or- unsubscribe eskrima-digest your.old@address in the BODY of an email (top line, left justified) addressed to majordomo@hpwsrt.cup.hp.com. Old digest issues are available via ftp://ftp.martialartsresource.com. Copyright 1994-2000: Ray Terry, Martial Arts Resource, and Inayan Eskrima Standard disclaimers apply.