From: eskrima-digest-owner@hpwsrt.cup.hp.com To: eskrima-digest@hpwsrt.cup.hp.com Subject: Inayan_Eskrima/FMA-Digest V8 #367 Reply-To: eskrima@hpwsrt.cup.hp.com Errors-To: eskrima-digest-owner@hpwsrt.cup.hp.com Precedence: Inayan_Eskrima/FMA-Digest Sun, 19 Aug 2001 Vol 08 : Num 367 In this issue: eskrima: Cebu history eskrima: . ========================================================================== Eskrima-Digest, serving the Internet since June 1994. 1200 members strong! Copyright 1994-2001: Ray Terry and Martial Arts Resource The premier internet discussion forum devoted to Filipino Martial Arts. Provided in memory of Mangisursuro Michael G. Inay (1944-2000), Founder of the Inayan System of Eskrima. Replying to this message will NOT unsubscribe you. To unsubscribe, send "unsubscribe eskrima-digest" (no quotes) in the body (top line, left justified) of a "plain text" e-mail addressed to majordomo@hpwsrt.cup.hp.com. To send e-mail to this list use eskrima@hpwsrt.cup.hp.com See the Filipino Martial Arts (FMA) FAQ and the online search engine for back issues of the Eskrima-Digest at http://www.MartialArtsResource.com Mabuhay ang eskrima! ---------------------------------------------------------------------- From: Ray Terry Date: Sun, 19 Aug 2001 8:56:20 PDT Subject: eskrima: Cebu history From Point Cebu website... Of the 7,107 islands comprising the Philippines, Cebu has the most historical significance. At the time of the global scramble for exotic spices in the East, a Portuguese navigator sailing for Spain, Fernando Magallanes, came upon Zubu (Cebu) on April 7, 1521. The island then was already a flourishing village with "many sailing vessels from Siam (Thailand), China and Arabia docked at the port" as described by Antonio Pigaffeta, Magallanes chronicler. Then begun the Spanish era in the Philippines. However, it deteriorated upon the death of Magallanes in the hands of the brave local warrior, Lapulapu, only to resurrect with the arrival 44 years later, in 1565, of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi. Its rich and colorful metamorphosis can be traced from 1521 as Zubu, the fishing village and busy trading port, to Villa San Miguel, later to Villa del Santissimo Nombre de Jesus in 1575, then as the municipality of Cebu in 1905 up to its being a chartered city on February 24, 1937. In the 19th century, Cebu started to exercise a dominant role in Southern Philippines economic limelight. Agriculture, especially sugar cane cultivation and sugar manufacturing, pushed Cebu into playing an important role in this part of the country. But even more crucial than the agricultural products was her participation in trade and commerce. Proudly, Cebu has been given the honor as having many "firsts" in the nations history. Established by Legazpi in 1571, it became the first city in the Philippines, ante-dating Manila by 7 years. In point of fact, it is the oldest city in the country, having the oldest and smallest fort (Fort San Pedro), with the oldest church (Basilica of Sto. Nio), the oldest school (San Carlos) and the oldest street (Colon). Referred to as the Queen City of the South and the seat of early Filipino Christianization, Cebu is also famous for its musical stringed instruments like banduria, guitar and piccolo. Today, Cebu boasts of being the only city in the Philippines with the perfect blend of a business center and an entertainment hub. History 350 million years ago. Cebu island was formed as part of the Philippine archipelago. 150,000 B.C. first settlers arrive in Cebu. 900 A.D. first Chinese traders and settlers arrive. 1200-1500 Raja Baginda, Abu Bakr, and Serif Kabungsuan spread Islam in the country. April 8, 1521. Ferdinand Magellan arrives in Cebu, in an attempt to make the first circumnavigation of the globe. April 27, 1521. Magellan, in an attempt to help Raja Sula, a chieftain of neighboring Mactan island, against his rival Raja Lapulapu, is killed. 1543. The archipelago is named Islas Felipinas, in honor of King Philip II of Spain. February 1565. Miguel Lopez de Lagaspi arrives in Cebu. He starts the construction of Fort San Pedro. June 24, 1571. Legaspi makes Manila capital of the new colony. 1600. The Galleon Trade between Manila and Cebu and Acapulco in Mexico starts. 1604. Cebu loses the right to the Galleon Trade. 1808. Upon the crowning of Napoleon as King of Spain, Filipinos become Spanish citizens. 1816. Philippine representation in Spanish Parliament (The Cortex) is abolished. 1872. Three priests Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez and Jacinto Zamora are executed in public as the alleged leader of the Cavite conspiracy. Philippine initiative for independence is growing. 1887. Jose Rizals reformist novel, Noli Me Tangere, is published in Spain 1888. Rizal, del Pilar and others establish the newspaper La Solidaridad in Barcelona, Spain, and demand freedom for the Filipinos. 1891. Rizal finishes writing his famous novel El Filibusterismo. 1892. Rizal and, among others, Andres Bonifacio, form the La Liga Fililpina movement. Rizal is arrested and exiled in Mindanao. 1894. Andres Bonifacio forms the Katipunan, seeking independence. 1896. After discovery of the Katipunan Bonifacio leads the revolution against the Spanish. Rizal is implicated in the revolution and executed firing squad on December 30 in todays Rizal Park. 1897. Emilio Aguinaldo takes over the Katipunan leadership and orders the arrest of Bonifacio and his brothers. The Bonifacio brothers are tried and executed in Cavite. After negotiations with the Spanish, Aguinaldo surrenders for the price of P 1,700,000 and goes into exile in Hong Kong. 1898. The US declares war against Spain and attacks Manila Bay. The Americans collaborate with Aguinaldo and promises independence for all Filipinos. On June 12, Aguinaldo proclaims the Philippines independent from Spain. Spain sells the colony for US$ 20 million to the US. 1899. The American-Filipino war breaks out. 1901. Aguinaldo is captured and takes an oath of allegiance with the US government under William Howard Taft, the first American Governor-General. 1907. First Congressional elections. 1916. The Jones Law promises the establishment of a Philippine government. Manuel Quezon becomes the first elected President of the Senate. Cebuano Sergio Osmea becomes the first Speaker in the House of Representatives. 1917. The first Philippine Cabinet under American regime. 1934. US President Theodore Roosevelt approves the Philippine Independence Law. It provides for the creation of the Commonwealth of the Philippines under a constitution to be drafted by a constitutional convention. 1935. The Constitution is approved by constitutional convention and President Roosevelt. It is ratified by the Philippine electorate. Manuel Quezon becomes the Philippines first elected President. Cebuano Sergio Osmea becomes the first Vice President. 1941. Quezon and Osmea are re-elected in the Philippines second presidential elections. Japan attacks the Philippines and forces General Douglas McArthur, overall Allied Commander, to retreat to the Bataan peninsulaand later to the island fortress of Corregidor at the entrance of Manila Bay. Quezon and Osmea follow the General to Corregidor. McArthur declares Manila an open city to avoid the city to be damaged severely. 1942. In February, McArthur, Quzon and Osmea leave Corregidor for Australia. 1942. On May 6, General Jonathan Wainwright surrenders in Corregidor. The Philippines becomes part of the Japanese Empire. The Death March from Bataan follows the fall of the peninsula. 1944. President Quezon dies in exile in New York. He is succeeded by Cebu politician and Vice President Sergio Osmea. October 20, 1944. General Douglas McArthus lands with his forces in Leyte, in the Visayas, making good his I shall return promise. President Osmea installs his cabinet. 1946. The United States declares the Philippines independent. Manuel Roxas becomes the first President of the new Republic. Elpidio Quirino is elected Vice President. 1947. President Roxas dies and is succeeded by Quirino. 1953. Ramon Magsaysay is elected President. Magsaysay succeeds in solving the Hukbalahap problem. The Hukbalahap was a communist movement founded in 1942, which fought first Japanese and, after the war, the Philippine Government in an attempt to turn the country into a communist state. 1957. On March 17 President Magsaysay dies in a plane crash in Cebu. Vice President Carlos Garcia takes over as President. In presidential elections in November Garcia wins the next Presidency. 1961. Diosdado Macapagal is elected President. 1965. Ferdinand Marcos wins the presidential elections. 1968. Jose Maria Sison founds the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP). Moslem secessionists in Mindanao under Nur Misuari try to found their own state. 1969. Marcos is re-elected as President. 1971. The 1935 Constitution is rewritten. A bomb attack on a political meeting on Plaza Miranda in Quiapo kills ten people. Marcos blames the communists for the attack. 1972. Marcos declares martial law. A curfew is imposed. Opposition leaders, including Senator Benigno Aquino, are imprisoned. 1973. A referendum approved the new Constitution and Marcos continuation of Martial Law. 1980. Senator Aquino is released from prison to undergo heart surgery in the U.S. 1981. Pope John Paul II visits the Philippines. Marcos lifts Martial Law and is re-elected as President. 1983. On August 21, Senator Aquino is, upon his return to the country, assassinated in Manila International Airport. The assassination causes huge protests in the country. 1986. In snap elections, Marcos loses the Presidency to Corazon Aquino, widow of Senator Aquino. Marcos tries to rig the electin results. A revolt against Marcos, under Defense Secretary Juan Ponce Enrile and Army Vice Chief of Staff Fidel V. Ramos, and supported by Manilas Archbishop Jaime Cardinal Sin, breaks out. Marcos cannot hold on and flees to Hawaii. 1987. A referendum approves the new Constitution. The Presidents term is changed into six years, without possibility for re-election. Congress will be re-elected every three years. Seven coup attempts try, under colonel Gregorio Honasan, to take over power. They all fail. ------------------------------ From: Ray Terry Date: Sun, 19 Aug 2001 9:24:05 PDT Subject: eskrima: . ------------------------------ End of Inayan_Eskrima/FMA-Digest V8 #367 **************************************** To unsubscribe from the eskrima-digest send the command: unsubscribe eskrima-digest -or- unsubscribe eskrima-digest your.old@address in the BODY (top line, left justified) of a "plain text" e-mail addressed to majordomo@hpwsrt.cup.hp.com. Old digest issues are available via ftp://ftp.martialartsresource.com. Copyright 1994-2001: Ray Terry and the Martial Arts Resource Standard disclaimers apply.