KOREAN MARTIAL ARTS

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) on Korean Martial Arts (KMA)

Version: 1.3e              Date: 12 March 2002

Brought to you by the Martial Arts Resource
(http://MartialArtsResource.com) and California Taekwondo, Hapkido and Eskrima

Ray Terry, P.O. Box 110841, Campbell, CA  95011-0841
rterry@MartialArtsResource.com

This FAQ was created to be informative.  There are no
intentions for it to be offensive to any style or person.

This FAQ is a compilation of information acquired over the years from
various sources, but it is FAR from complete. Any corrections or additions
that are submitted will be carefully considered. Send them to address
rterry@MartialArtsResource.com
and include "KMA FAQ INFO" as the subject heading.


* =====================================
* TABLE OF CONTENTS
* =====================================
*
* 1 - Introduction
* 2 - What is a martial art?
* 3 - How do I choose a school?
* 4 - Should children study martial arts?
* 5 - Belief systems
* 6 - Rankings/Color belt systems
* 7 - Korean martial arts glossary
* 8 - Bibliography
* 9 - Sources of electronic information
* 10 - Sources of equipment and material
* 11 - Different Korean arts and styles
* 12 - TaeKwonDo Olympic sparring rules
* 13 - Brief History of Korea
* 14 - Korean Martial Arts Organizations
* 15 - The people that made this FAQ possible
* 
* =====================================

*************************************************************
* 1.0 Introduction
*************************************************************

This FAQ is not intended to be a martial arts Bible, but to give some
help to those that are looking for a place to start, or those more
experienced that would like to know more about some different style,
have a particular doubt, etc.

Please note that this is not the "Absolute Truth" but rather an
attempt to give clear and basic information about Korean martial arts.
Your suggestions, opinions, and additions are welcome; send e-mail per
the above instructions.

*************************************************************
* 2.0 What is a martial art?
*************************************************************

A martial art can be defined as a system of techniques, physical and mental
exercises developed as an effective means for self-defense and offense,
both unarmed and with the use of weapons.

The origin and history of martial arts is a controversial issue.  We can see
signs of martial arts in Greece, Egypt, Korea, Africa, Japan, China, Okinawa,
Thailand, as well as other cultures.  There is a clear trail leading from the
Southern China regions up to Korea, Okinawa and Japan.  The details before
that, and the exact details of that transfer, are greatly debated by
historians and martial artists.

*************************************************************
* 3.0 How do I choose a school?
*************************************************************

A couple of things that are important parts to look at in the process of
choosing a school:

   (1)  The environment where you'll learn and train
   (2)  The people that will be your partners
   (3)  The instructor
   (4)  The logistics of the school

(1)     The environment where you will learn and train

Don't get impressed by the size of the place- just be sure that you feel
"ok" in there.

Also don't necessarily be impressed by huge number of trophies.  They may
indicate a very successful competitive school (if that is an aspect you are
interested in) or they could be all show.  Check carefully.

If you are not allowed to watch any classes, you may not want to invest
your time and money.  Without seeing a class you will not be able to get a
good feel for the school.

Ask questions- don't worry about looking stupid or asking the "wrong"
question.  They are going to be teaching and training you- you want to get
any concerns or considerations you have out before you commit to anything.

If you feel bullied or threatened in any manner, look somewhere else.

(2)     The people that will be your partners

Watch some classes (without participating), then ask to participate-
see if the behavior of the students changes by the fact that there is a new
person in their class.

What follows is a quick and dirty check list, to which you can add your own
points, based on what you consider important.  Remember: these questions
and suggestions are just guidelines, not hard and fast rules. There will
always be exceptions.

   - How good are the students?

This is more of a measure of the quality of the students as students than
their skill at martial arts.  See if you can picture yourself with these
people.  Are they attentive, respectful, interested in being there? Those
are all good signs...

   - Is there a mix of upper and lower ranks?

This is not always obvious in the styles without belt rankings, etc. It is
generally a good sign if advanced, intermediate and beginning students are
practicing together.  Check the approach the higher ranked students take to
you- their help will probably be very important in your advancement in the
Art you choose.

Some schools have classes separated by rank though.  Ask.

   -Is there a mix in the type of people in the class?

Although this doesn't necessarily mean anything if it is not present, it is
a good sign if there is a mixture of males and females, older and younger
people in the class.   It is a pointer to the efficiency of the Art if it
can teach a wide variety of people together.

   - Do they move the way you would like to?

This will give you some sense of what you can achieve.  Look to the senior
students and see if they move the way you want to move.

   - Do they help one another?

In a small class this may not apply, but in larger classes it is a good
sign if the senior students support and assist the junior students. This
kind of personal attention will aid you greatly in your training.

   - Do the senior students seem fit and relaxed?

This will give you a sense of the atmosphere of the school.  If the senior
students are uptight, nervous, unfit, out of shape, or unhappy, it may be a
sign to move on.  However, do not be put off by a single occurrence, i.e.
because on THAT day the senior student was in a poor mood.  It should at
least prompt you to look carefully though...

   - How common are injuries?

As most martial arts involve vigorous physical activity and contact,
injuries will occur.  However, if injuries are very common and/or
serious, there is likely a problem in how training is supervised, and you
will probably want to look elsewhere.  It will be difficult to tell what
the frequency/severity of injuries in the class is in one or two visits.
Ask the instructor.

(3)     The Instructor

        -You'll need some basic trust in the individual, as a beginning.

The instructor is the person who is going to be guiding your development as
a martial artist.   You need to feel comfortable with him or her, and feel
secure in receiving instruction from them. If you have some unease or
personality conflict with the instructor(s) you might want to look
elsewhere.

   - Do the students get personalized attention?

This will be a good judge of how valuable your time will be.  If there is a
good amount of instructor to student attention there will be more value for you.

   - Does the instructor differentiate between forms and function?

Another good indication is to find out if the instructor(s) differentiates 
between form and function.  In other words do they do it "because it looks
good" or "because it works."  This may not apply if you are looking for a
martial art as a performance art or as an exercise (though then you want to
look at the efficacy of their exercises...)

   - Does the instructor(s) differentiate between tournament and self-defense?

As above, your reaction to this question's answer will depend on what your
goals are.  However, there is general agreement that tournament training
and self-defense training, while highly related, are different. If the
instructor does not differentiate the two- that may be a danger sign!

   - Are adjustments made for students of differing body types and
     limitations?

Another good sign is if the instructor adjusts the training of his or her
student's physical realities:  telling a slow person to work contact, a
fast person to work ranges, a heavy person to work leverage, a light person
to work speed, or, conversely, concentrating on their weak areas to
compensate.

(4)     The logistics of the School

   -Money

This is an important element to be clear about.  You don't want to commit
to a school if you can't afford it.  It is impossible to address what a
reasonable price would be here, because the benefits offered, the local
economy, the quality of instruction, and the amount of instructor time are
all variables in the equation.

Find out if there are extra charges for going up in rank, find out if there
are organizational dues, tournament fees, mat fees, etc.

But do not be upset when a martial arts instructor charges money- they need
to eat and have a place to stay.

   -Location

If you are intending to spend a lot of time at the school you want it to be
accessible, and convenient enough for you to get their after work, on weekends, etc.

   -Classes

Another thing you want to be clear on is when you can go to the school and
when classes are.  Some schools are open almost all the time and have lots
of classes.  In some schools you can only come when an official class is
being held. An open school is usually better for obvious reasons- convenience,
practice time, access to mats, etc.

   -Commitments and Promises

This is an important thing to know about any school you will be joining. Be
very clear on what they will expect of you and what you expect of them.
Some teachers want to teach only people who are willing to commit to them
and their style, some are willing to introduce you to their style and let
you dabble, some will teach you as long as you show up. None of these are
intrinsically better or worse, but you want to know where they are coming
from so you and they are not surprised.

Find out if you are required to attend classes, find out about being late,
find out what the policy is on school rules of behavior and etiquette.
Find out how you are supposed to interact with the teacher and other
students.  There are many styles for all these things so make sure you find
out.  The easiest way is to ask these questions.

There may be other questions you want to look at and specific questions you
have about an instructor, school, organization, or style you are looking
at. Know the questions you want answered and you will find the perfect
school for you!

*************************************************************
* 4.0 Should children study martial arts?
*************************************************************

In general, yes.  Some of the possible positives would be control of
aggressiveness, instilling self-respect and self-control, as well as
self-defense.

The style that a child should take is a totally different question, and is
directly influenced by the style, if any, of the parents.  It will of
course be convenient if the child can practice with, or at least in the
same school as, the parents.  The major issue with children in the martial
arts is the integrity and trustworthiness of the teacher and the school.

The joints and connective tissues of children are more vulnerable to injury
than those of adults.  Keep this in mind when selecting a style and school
for a child, and discuss it with the instructor.  Schools which allow
aggressive joint locks to be applied to children or don't train them to
refrain from snapping/hyper-extending elbows on strikes and knees on kicks
should be avoided.  (It is for this same reason that good baseball coaches
will not allow young pitchers to throw pitches which require hard snapping
of the arm - like curve balls).  Throws, however, are quite different; the
small size of children makes them naturals for arts which require falling
down.

*************************************************************
* 5.0 Belief systems
*************************************************************

Some martial arts have philosophical and/or religious roots or
associations, e.g. with Buddhism, Taoism, or ?.  Thus, it is natural
for people who are considering a particular art to wonder if it is
compatible with their own philosophy or religion.

Normally it is not considered ethical for an Instructor to try to impose
his own views on his students.  However, the philosophical aspects of
some arts may still be present in the required training to the extent
that some potential students would be offended by it.  As with so many
other aspects of martial arts, it depends on the art and even more heavily
on the instructor.  So, be sure to watch for this aspect when you visit
a school that you are interested in.  Have a conversation with the
instructor about it, and watch how he/she interacts with his/her students.

*************************************************************
* 6.0 Rankings/Color belt systems
*************************************************************

Many arts have a ranking system.  A typical ranking from beginner to
most experienced master is: 10th gup, 9th gup, ..., 2nd gup, 1st gup,
1st dan, 2nd dan, ..., 10th dan.  "gup" (or "kup") is Korean for grade.
"Dan" ranks will typically wear a black belt.

That being said, do not put too much stock in rankings, and put even less
in belt color.  Belt colors are HIGHLY dependent on the art, school, and
instructor.  Some arts don't have any belts.  Some have only white and
black.  Some have white, brown, and black.  Some have a rainbow.  Some
instructors hand out rank/belts like candy, others are very stingy.  A
given color will frequently signify different ranks in different arts.

Rather than rank or belt color, what will determine an individual's skill
are how long and how intensely they have studied, the quality of
instruction they have received, and (to a lesser extent) their "natural" ability.

A brief history of gup/kyu/dan (kyu is the Japanese equivalent of gup)
ranking systems and belts, contributed by Steve Gombosi (sog@rainbow.rmii.com)
follows:

Before Jigoro Kano invented Judo, there was no kyu/dan ranking system.
Kano invented it when he awarded "shodan" to two of his senior students
(Saito and Tomita) in 1883. Even then, there was no external
differentiation between yudansha (dan ranks) and mudansha (those who hadn't
yet attained dan ranking). Kano apparently began the custom of having his
yudansha wear black obis in 1886. These obis weren't the belts karateka and
judoka wear today - Kano hadn't invented the judogi (uniform) yet, and his
students were still practicing in kimono. They were the wide obi still worn
with formal kimono. In 1907, Kano introduced the modern gi and its modern
obi, but he still only used white and black.

Karateka in Okinawa didn't use any sort of special uniform at all in the
old days. The kyu/dan ranking system, and the modern karategi (modified judogi)
were first adopted by Karate-do founder G.Funakoshi in an effort to encourage
karate's acceptance by the Japanese. He awarded the first "shodan" ranks given
in karate to Tokuda, Otsuka, Akiba, Shimizu, Hirose, Gima, and Kasuya on April
10, 1924. The adoption of the kyu/dan system and the adoption of a standard
uniform based on the judogi were 2 of the 4 conditions which the Dai-Nippon
Butokukai required before recognizing karate as a "real" martial art. If
you look at photographs of Okinawan karateka training in the early part of
this century, you'll see that they were training in their everyday clothes,
or (!) in their underwear.

Most Korean arts have ranking/belt color systems that were adopted from the
Japanese arts.

*************************************************************
* 7.0 Korean martial arts glossary
*************************************************************

A Summary of Korean Terminology for TaeKwonDo
compiled by Brad Appleton (bradapp@enteract.com)
[with minor edits by Ray Terry]

   Introduction
   ============

   This document is an attempt to compile a list of Korean terminology
   used in the study of TaeKwonDo.  In years past, the terminology used
   was based upon Chinese.  Since then however, most styles have "upgraded"
   to use a more "modern" Korean terminology that is more "in sync" with
   the semantics of the Korean language.  Wherever possible, I have tried
   to use this "new" (more modern) terminology.  [older terms appear in
   brackets{}.]

   Obviously, the Korean language is not written using the Roman alphabet,
   so all the spellings you see here are mere approximations and will not
   necessarily be the same spellings that some of you are used to seeing.

   Counting to 10 in Korean
   ========================

        1    hanah
        2    dool
        3    set
        4    net
        5    dasot
        6    yosot (pronounced more like "yawsot")
        7    ilgop
        8    yodol (sort of like "yawdol")
        9    ahop
        10  yool (or "yeol" or "yol")

   The stress in "hanah", "dasot", and "yosot" is on the first syllable,
   in "ilgop", "yodol", and "ahop" on the second.  In counting cadence in
   TaeKwonDo, this is so emphasized that the other syllable frequently
   almost disappears (e.g., "han", "das", "yos", "lgop", "hop", etc.).

   The Korean names for 1st-10th
   =============================

   These are not cardinal numbers (first, second, etc.).  They are another
   numbering system.  The numbers hanah, dool, etc. are most frequently
   used when you're talking about something that's counted; il, i, etc.
   for other things (which usually correspond to cardinal numbers). For
   example, a first degree black belt would be an "il dan".

   These numbers are:

        1    il ("eel")
        2    i ("ee")
        3    sam ("sahm")
        4    sa ("sah")
        5    o ("oh")
        6    ryuk ("yook")
        7    chil
        8    pal
        9    ku
       10   ship

   The final 'l' in "chil" and "pal" isn't rounded, like an American 'l' ....
   it's a much shorter sound, sort of like the initial 'l' in "let", but
   even shorter.  It's not like the 'l' in "ball".

   When pronouncing the word "ship", you MUST NOT emphasize the "sh" sound.
   It's almost more like "sip" with a sort of a lisp.  If you pronounce it
   like "sh" in "shell", you will be talking about sexual intercourse.

Other Korean Terminology
====================

  Stances

        sohgi                 stance
        {cha see              stance}
        anjun sohgi           sitting stance
        ap sohgi              walking stance
        ap kubi               front bent knee stance
        {chungul chasee       frong bent knee stance}
        bom sohgi             cat stance
        chagi sohgi           kicking stance
        dwi kubi              back stance
        {hugul chasee         back stance}
        juchoom sohgi         horse stance
        {keema chasee         horse stance}
        kima sohgi            riding stance
        mot sohgi             fighting stance
        onnoon sohgi          sitting stance
        kibon junbi sohgi     ready stance
        dong yuk sohgi        dynamic stance
        cha yun sohgi         natural stance

   Directions/Motions

        oo                    right
        joa                   left
        ap                    front
        an                    inner
        bakkat                outer
        baro                  reverse
        bitureo               twisting
        dwi                   back
        gamya                 stepping
        uro                   moving in a particular direction
                              (e.g. "ap uro gamya" - stepping forward)
        anuro                 inward
        bakuro                outward
        twim yah              jumping
        dollyo                turning
        dora                  to turn
        dolmyo                spinning
        mee kul myu           sliding

   Kicks

        chagi                 kick (or snap kick)
        cha olligi            stretching kick
        ap chagi              front kick
        bandal chagi          45' roundhouse kick
        pyojuk chagi          crescent kick
        dwi chagi             back kick
        dollyo chagi          roundhouse kick
        bandae dollyo chagi   reverse round kick ("hook kick")
        dwi dollyo chagi      hook kick (back round kick)
        nakko chagi           hooking kick
        naeryo chagi          ax kick
        an chagi              inside ax kick
        bakkat chagi          outside ax kick
        yup chagi             side kick
        bitureo chagi         twisting kick
        mireo chagi           push kick
        twio chagi            jump kick
        {ea dan chagi         jump kick}
        huryo chagi           thrashing kick

   Hand Attacks

        chirugi               punch
        chigi                 strike
        {kongkyuk             attack}
        sonnal                knife-edge
        joomok                fist
        doong joomuk          back fist
        yup joomuk            side fist
        me joomuk             hammer fist
        sanbadak chigi        palmhand strike
        sontong chigi         backhand strike
        sonnal mok chigi      overhead knife-edge strike
        doo bun chirugi       double punch
        sae bun chirugi       triple punch
        kwon su chirugi       spearfinger thrust
        sonkut chirugi        finger thrust
        sewo chirugi          vertical punch
        dollyo chirugi        round punch
        dwijubo chirugi       upset punch
        olliyo chirugi        upward punch
        bandae chirugi        front punch
        baro chirugi          reverse front punch

   Blocks

        makki                 block
        bakkat makki          outer forearm block
        an makki              inner forearm block
        hecho makki           double forearm block
        anuro makki           inward block
        bakuro makki          outward block
        arae makki            low block
        gutjha makki          nine-shaped block
        daebi makki           guarding block
        cho kyo makki         rising block
        olgul makki           high block
        momtong makki         middle block
        sonnal makki          knife-edge block
        wesanteul makki       mountain block

   Commands

        charrot               attention
        junbi                 ready
        dorah                 about face
        elosoh                stand
        keuman                stop
        gooky a hyanghayoh    face the flag
        hai san               class dismissed
        jonglee               line up
        kyenyae               bow
        anja                  sit
        pah ro                return to ready position
        pal bah kwah          switch your stance (switch sides)
        koo ryung op see      in your own time
        seijak                begin
        shiuh                 relax

   Body Parts

        arae                  lower body (low section)
        {ha dan               lower body}
        bahl                  feet
        dahlee                leg
        eep                   mouth
        palkup                elbow
        gi                    ear
        joomok                fist
        ko                    nose
        mok                   neck
        molee                 head
        momtong               middle body (middle section)
        {choong dan           middle body}
        mooloop               knee
        myung chi             solar plexus
        noon                  eye
        ouka                  shoulder
        pahl                  arm
        palmak                forearm
        sonn                  hand
        olgul                 face & head high
        {san dan              face & head high}

  Sparring

        kyorugi               (free) sparring
        {daeryun              sparring}
        hanbeon kyorugi       one step sparring
        {il sooshik daeryun   one step sparring}
        doobeon kyorugi       two step sparring
        {yi sooshik dayryun   two step sparring}
        sebeon kyorugi        three step sparring
        {sahm sooshik daeruyn three step sparring}
        anja kyorugi          sitting position sparring
        tzalbeun-khal kyorugi knife sparringk
        ban ja yu kyorugi     semi free sparring

   Miscellaneous

        danjang               fix
        dhee                  belt
        dobok                 uniform
        dojang                school (house of discipline)
        gup                   grade
        dan                   degree
        jang                  a page (similar to a page)
        joncha                every one
        kihap                 yell
        kahm sa ham nee da    thank you
        jer maenyo            (you're) welcome
        mukyum                meditation
        onyonghe asayo        hello
        onyonghe gasayo       goodbye
        pil sung              certain victory
        poomsae               form (pronounced "poom-say")
        hyung                 form
        sah bum nim           master (or senior instructor)
        jung sin yuk          mental strength (martial art spirit)
        yung suk              combination
        Tai Geuk Gi           the Korean flag

*************************************************************
* 8.0 Bibliography
*************************************************************

The Original Martial Arts Encyclopedia: Tradition, History, Pioneers_. Corcorn/Farkas. Pro-Action Publishing. ISBN Number: 0-9615126-3-6

Go Rin No Sho---The Book of the Five Rings_. Miyamoto Musashi This book can also be found "on-line" at: http://lfowler.afternet.com/gorinnosho.html

Comprehensive Asian Fighting Arts_. Draeger & Smith Publisher: Kodansha International ISBN Number: 0-87011-436-0 ISBN Number in Japan: 4-7700-0913-5

The Art Of War_. Sun Tzu This book can also be found "on-line" at: ftp://mrcnextr.cso.uiuc.edu/etext94/sunzu10.txt

Zen in the Art of Archery_. Eugen Herrigel

The Bible of Karate: Bubishi_. translated with commentary by Patrick McCarthy.

Okinawan Karate_. Mark Bishop
The Student's Handbook_. Frederick Lovret
Zen in the Martial Arts_. Joe Hyams
The Martial Artist's Book of Five Rings_. Translation by Hanshi
Steve Kaufman, Charles E. Tuttle Company, Inc., 1994.
Hwarang Do_. 3 volumes, Dr. Joo Bang Lee
Moo Duk Kwan_. 2 volumes, Richard Chun
The Fighting Weapons of Korean Martial Arts_. In Hyuk Suh
The Hapkido Bible_. Dr. He-Young Kimm
Hapkido II_. Dr. He-Young Kimm
Han Mu Do_. Dr. He-Young Kimm
Hapkido: Korean art of self-defense_. Bong Soo Han
Korean Hapkido_. Kwang Sik Myung
Hapkido: Korean Art of Self-defense_. Scott Shaw
Hapkido: The Integrated Fighting Art_. Robert Spear
Tae Kwon Do: Secrets of Korean Karate_. S.Henry Cho
Taekwondo Text Book_. Kukkiwon
Background Readings in Tae Kwon Do & Martial Arts_. Daeshik Kim
History of Moo Duk Kwan_. Hwang Kee
Soo Bahk Do Tang Soo Do_. 2 volumes, Hwang Kee
Taekwon-Do_. Hong Hi Choi

A Guide to Korean Characters_. Grant

*************************************************************
* 9.0 Sources of electronic information
*************************************************************

For those on the World Wide Web, see the URL:

    http://MartialArtsResource.com

Korean Martial Arts Mailing List:

Do you practice Korean martial arts?  e.g. SinMoo Hapkido, Tang Soo Do,
HwaRang Do, Kuk Sool Won, Taekwondo, TaekKyon, Hapkido, Soo Bahk Do, Kumdo,
Yudo, Ship Pal Ki, Yu Sool, Kong Soo Do, Kung Jung Moo sool, HaeDong Kumdo,
Kyuktooki, Hanmudo, etc.

Come practice with us at the "the_dojang-digest", 8 years of continuous
operation.

the_dojang-digest is a 1000 member e-mail distribution list for the discussion
of Korean martial arts.

The list is managed by "Mailman".  To subscribe to the_dojang-digest
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Pil Seung!

Also see the URL http://www.taekwondo.net for information about
joining the tkd-net e-mail distribution list.

*************************************************************
* 10.0 Sources of equipment and material
*************************************************************

Academy of Karate Martial Arts Supplies
405 Black Horse Pike
Haddon Heights, NJ 08035
609-547-5445

Asian World of Martial Arts
917-21 Arch St.
Philadelphia, PA  19107
215-925-0459

BLT Supply Inc.
35-01 Queens Boulevard
Long Island City, N.Y. 11101-1720
(718) 392-5671 or (800)-322-2860 FAX:(718) 392-5705
Mail Order * Retail * Wholesale

Bugei Trading Company
http://www.bugei.com

California S and P Inc.
10545-B San Pablo Ave.; El Cerrito, CA 94530; USA
415-527-6032

Century Martial Art Supply, Inc.
1705 National Blvd.; Midwest City, OK 73110; USA
800-654-4701

Chris Nickolas American Arts Karate
Martial arts supplies (wholesale/retail)
4858 S. Main St.
Akron, Ohio 44319
216-645-0818
Internet: mark.juszczec@bellhow.com

Defense Arts, Inc.
P.O. Box 1028; Smyrna, GA 30081; USA
404-434-0370

East West Markets Exchange, Inc.
5533 North Broadway; Chicago, IL 60640; USA
312-878-7711

Far East Books
2029 North Park St.
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada  B3K 4B2
902-422-8142  FAX 902-422-1998
Internet fareast@fox.nstn.ca
Chinese Martial Arts, Religions, and Healing Disciplines; catalogue
available

Honda Martial Arts Supply Co.
61 West 23rd St.; New York, NY 10010; USA
800-USA-NYNY or 212-620-4050

I & I Sports
1524 W. 178th St.
Gardena, CA  90248
310-715-6800

Inter Sports
1 Bon Ji. Ulchiro 7-ga
(under the Baseball stadium)
Chung-gu, Seoul, Korean
82-2-2237-2236
FAX: 82-2-2237-2238

Kim Pacific Trading Company
4141 Business Center Drive
800-227-0500

Kiyota Company
2326 North Charles St.; Baltimore, MD 21219; USA
800-783-2232 or 410-366-8275

Martial Arts Supplies Co., Inc.
10711 Venice Blvd.; Los Angles, CA 90034-6294; USA
213-870-9866

Macho Products
10045 102nd Terrace
Sebastian, FL 32978
800-327-6812
e-mail macho@bb.iu.net

Moo Sool Sa 
1 Bon Ji. Ulchiro 7-ga
Dongdaemun Football Stadium
Chung-gu, Seoul, Korea
82-2-2237-9991
FAX: 82-2-2237-9993
http://www.martialarts.co.kr
e-mail: moosool@chollian.dacom.co.kr

Musashi Martial Arts
1842 S. Grand Ave.; Santa Ana, CA 92705; USA
714-557-4274

PAIS Enterprises
P.O. Box 518, Miliken Post Office; Milliken, Ontario, LOH 1K0, CANADA
416-299-8168

S & P of New York Budo, Inc.
P.O. Box 2; Depew, NY 14043; USA
716-681-7911

Saghafi Enterprises
1604 Niagara Falls Blvd.; Tonawanda, NY 14150; USA
716-832-3322

Sang Moo Sa
16631 Bellflower Blvd.
Bellflower, CA  90706
800-346-3116

Top Brands
Box 51331; New Orleans, LA 70151; USA
504-522-4540

World-Wide Martial Arts Supply
P.O. Box 3132
Bethlehem, PA  18017
martial.arts@corp-reflection.com
http://www.corp-reflection.com/dojo/index.html

*************************************************************
* 11.0 Different Korean arts and styles
*************************************************************

Important note:  This information is true to the best of the knowledge
of the author.  Not all will agree with some, perhaps even most, of
what follows.

11.1) Cha Yon Ryu

Intro: An eclectic, fairly new martial art.

History:
The Cha Yon Ryu ("Natural Way") system was founded in 1968 by Kim Soo of Houston, Texas, who remains Director of the system. Grand Master Kim, who holds upper dan rankings in both tae kwon do and hapkido chose to incorporate into the Cha Yon Ryu system techniques and forms from several different martial arts.
Description:
Tae Kwon Do contributes kicking techniques, strong stances and direct, linear strikes and blocks, as does Shotokan Karate. With the study of movements from Okinawan Te, the Cha Yon Ryu practitioner starts to add techniques with some angularity to his/her repertoire, and eventually progresses to the fluid, circular movements of Ch'uan Fa Kung Fu. Hapkido is the martial art from which are drawn defenses against chokes, grabs and armed attacks, as well as various throwing and falling techniques.
Training:
The Dojang Hun (Training Hall Oath)
Seek perfection of character Live the way of truth Endeavor Be faithful Respect your seniors Refrain from violent behavior
11.2) Hai Dong Gumdo (Haedong Kumdo)

Intro: A martial art based on the study of the sword.

Origin: Korea

History:

Hai Dong Gumdo (Korean Way of the Sword - Hai Dong refers to the East Sea
and was the Chinese way of referring to the Korean Peninsula) draws its
techniques from many areas. Most commonly referenced of course is the
Muyedotobongi. Some techniques are thought to have originated in the 3rd
century. Others are clearly the result of dedicated and serious attempts to
make the style accessible to modern students.

Description:

Depending on the school of Hai Dong Gumdo the uniform will vary from
the padded jacket and split skirt (hakima) most commonly seen in
Japanese sword styles (Kendo, Kenjutsu, Aikido) to a durable hanbok-style
dobok. At third gup the student will generally be asked to begin practice
with a metal training sword (ka-gum) to prepare for the weight, balance and
danger of using live weapons after first dan. The average weight of a
mog-gum is 500 grams. The average weight of a ka-gum is 1.3 kg. Real swords
(chin-gom) vary in weight by style and fittings but average at 1.1 or 1.2
kg. There is no sparring in a competitive sense and only dan ranks practice
cutting objects. Typical objects to employ in cutting drills are bamboo
poles and rice stalk sheaves. Bamboo simulates cutting bone while the sheaves
simulate flesh. Sometimes the two are combined. Classes are quite formal.
The art itself is very circular and flowing. As one progresses varying
levels of acrobatic maneuvers are presented in accordance with ability. It
is very visually stimulating - moreso when one begins to understand the
deadly power in every movement.

Training:

Training involves solo drills and study of forms (gum-pup). There are 12
forms below black belt with a 13th form learned for the first dan test
itself. This final form for the black belt candidate is very dynamic but
still tailored to the students' abilities and incorporates all of the
elements of the preceding 12 forms. For those who are interested there is
often the chance to develop partner sparring drills but no contact or
competition based sparring occurs. It is simply too dangerous. Sparring is
left to the confines of the sport of kendo. In addition to the forms there
are key-point drills, candle snuffing exercises to develop control,
breath-based meditation of various forms and basic self-defense training. A
student will learn basic and effective methods to counter punches and kicks,
will learn tumbling and safe falling practices as well as gain an
understanding of basic punches and kicks as well. High or acrobatic kicks
are not a part of the curriculum.

Some Online Resources:

http://www.haidonggumdo.com
http://www.turtlepress.com
http://victorian.fortunecity.com/operatic/739

An Offline Resource for speakers of Korean:

Telephone: 82((0)342) 714-4471 (4472)
Fax           : 715-5433

World Hai Dong Gumdo Federation
Kyungki-Do
Song-nam Si
Pundang Ku
Jongja Dong 54-1
463-010
South Korea

11.3) Han Mu Do

Intro: An eclectic martial art somewhat similar to Hapkido.

Origin: Korea

History:
Following World War II, martial arts in Korea began to boom again. In order to understand today's Korean martial arts history, one must first understand evolution of Korea martial arts since 1945. There have been three stages involved in the evolution of Korean martial arts. The first stage is known as the Pioneer Stage (1945-1960). Many Korean martial arts masters, some of whom trained overseas, returned to Korea and intermingled with masters who had remained in Korea training in the martial arts. The second stage is known as the Developmental Stage (1960-1970). During this period each Korean martial art came under govermental conrtol. This led to a more standardized method of teaching. In the third stage, the Maturing Stage (1970-present day), the second and third generations of martial artists took control and organized martial arts in terms of techniques and organizational structure. From this point, the practice and knowledge of Korean martial arts spread throughout the world. Thes second and third generations of martial artists began to restructure the traditional techniques and philosophy of the martial arts to fit contemporary times. One of these masters was Dr. He-Young Kimm. Dr. Kimm began studying Yudo and Bi Sool under the instruction of Song Kang-sub (1953). After further training in many different types of Korean martial arts. Among his many teachers, Kimm considers Song Kwang-sub and Yun Yong-jo as his Yudo and Bi Sool teachers. Won Kwang-wha and Ji Han-jae as his Hapkido teachers, Kang Suh-jong as his Tae Kwon Do teacher, Sun In-hyuk as his Kuk Sool teacher, Son Duk-ki as his Kum Do teacher, Cho Seung-yong as his Kum Do teacher, Kim Kwang-suk as his Ship Phal Ke teacher and Sung Soo Dae Sa as his Zen teacher. From 1958 through 1963, Kimm taught Korean martial arts self-defense techniques to the 8th United States Army stationed in Pusan Area Command, Pusan, Korea. Upon the recommendation of Colonel Angle Myer, Kimm was invited to the United States by Dr. Mark Scully. Dr. Scully, President of Southeast Missouri State University, invited Kimm to Cape Girodeau, Missouri to become the Korean martial arts instructor in the Physical Education Department while continuing his education. Kimm arrived in the United States on November 1, 1963. He began teaching Yudo, Hapkido and Tae Kwon Do to the students of Southeast Missouri State University on November 3. One of the first students was Dr. Scully's son, Andy. With the assistance of Dr. Scully, the Korean martial arts population grew rapidly and required pre-registration in order to get into Kimm's class. Kimm was invited to and attended many martial arts tournaments throughout the southern and mid-western areas of the United States. He performed numerous demonstrations and in 1967, he was selected as "Best Martial Arts Instructor" by a Chicago martial arts group. With the encouragement of Suh In-hyuk, the founder of Kuk Sool, and Ji Han-jae, the founder of modern Hapkido, Dr. Kimm organized his own style of martial arts called Han Mu Do.

Description:

Han means Korea (nation of optimism) and Mu Do means martial arts. Therefore, Han Mu Do translates to Korea martial arts. This system was founded by Grandmaster He-Young Kimm in 1989. Han Mu Do is registed to the Korean Government as a recognized style of Korean martial arts. (Registered Number 534) The founder of Han Mu Do, Grandmaster He-Young Kimm. During his forty years of training and research in numerous styles of Korean martial arts, he found the strength and weaknesses of thes arts. Most modern Korean martial arts were founded during the 1950's to fit the needs of that generation in Korea. For example, Korean self-defense emphasized defense against wrist, cloth and body seizes. The reason for this was because before opponents engaged in fighting, the attacker would grab the wrist, cloth or body of his opponentand then either push, pull, punch or kick and then throw. Since then, instead of grabbing first, the fighting pattern has changed and now an attacker also the option of kicking or punching first. Therefore, Dr. Kimm felt that a need for a balance between defense against wrist, cloth and/or body seize was needed with punches and kicks. Another reason that Dr. Kimm created the Han Mu Do system was because that since the 1950's, more traditional self-defense techniques were discovered by various masters and new innovative techniques were added as a part of the Korean self-defense system. Those traditonal techniques founded recently and new innovative techniques are deserved to be a part of Korean self-defense systems today. Thirdly, since 1962, Dr. Kimm has been collecting historical material and conducting interviews and research on Korean martial arts. In 1999, Dr. Kimm is planning to publish and release the book. "History of Korean Martial Arts" which will contain the date and information that he has collected over the years. During the research for this book, Dr. Kimm has met hundreds of Korean martial arts masters from different styles of martial arts including Tae Kyun, Soo Byuk Ta, Yu Do, Yu Sul, Tae Kwon Do, Kum Do, Kum Sool, Kung Do, Kung Sul, Hapkido, Kuk Sool, Ship Phal Ki and Son Do Sul. Dr. Kimm not only verbally interviewed with masters of these styles of martial arts, but also trained under many of them in order to understand the technical aspects of their respective arts as well as the theoretical and historical backgrounds. Dr. Kimm incorporated many of those techniques into the Han Mu Do system. The Han Mu Do System has been divided into four main divisions. These divisions are: 1. Yuh Kwon Sul (Empty hand techniques) 2. Mu Ki Sul (Weapon techniques) 3. Son Do Sul (Ki exercises) 4. Han Chul Hak (Han philosophy) The unique characteristic of Han Mu Do is the emphasis of a "centered" or balanced system. 1. The balance between non-weapon and weapon techniques. 2. The balance between external muscle techniques and internal Ki techniques. 3. The balance between physical body training and philosophical, mental and spiritual training. 4. The balance between left side and right side techniques. 5. The balance between traditional philosophy and traditional techniques and the new new innovative philosophy and techniques.
URLs: www.intersurf.com/~jakers/kimm.html
11.4) Hapkido

Intro:

This Korean art is sometimes confused with the Japanese art of Aikido, since the Korean and Japanese translation of the two names is the same.

Origin: Korea

History:
Hapkido history is the subject of some controversy.
Some sources say that the founder of Hapkido, Choi, Yong Sul was a houseboy/servant of Japanese Daito Ryu Aiki-Jujutsu GrandMaster Takeda, Sokaku. In Japan Choi possibly used the Japanese name Yoshida, Tatsujutsu since all immigrants to Japan took Japanese names at that time. Choi's Japanese name has also been given as Asao, Yoshida by some sources.
According to this view, Choi studied under Takeda in Japan from 1913, when he was age 9, until Takeda died in 1943. However, Daito Ryu records do not reflect this, so hard confirmation is not available at this time. Some claim that Choi's Daito Ryu training was limited to attending seminars and watching classes from the sideline. The Daito Ryu/Hapkido lineage is as follows:

Shinka Saburo Yoshimitsu, 12th Century, Daito Ryu Saigo Chikamasa, 1829-1905, Oshikiuchi Takeda Sokaku, 1858-1943, Aiki-Jujutsu Choi Yong Sool, 1904-1986, Hapkido

Ueshiba, Morihei, the founder of Aikido, was also a student of Takeda (this is not disputed). Hapkido and Aikido have significant similarities to Daito Ryu Aiki-Jujutsu, so it would seem that Hapkido's link to it is real, regardless of how and where Choi was trained.
Choi returned to Korea after Takeda's death and began teaching Yu Sool or Yawara (other names for Jujutsu), eventually calling his kwan (or school) the Hapki Kwan. Ji, Han-Jae, began studying under Choi in 1949 and eventually started his own school, where he taught an art that he named Hapkido.
(GM Ji now calls his system Sin Moo (pronounced 'Shin Moo') Hapkido. He currently lives and teaches in Elkins Park, PA, near Philadelphia)
Several other of Choi's Hapkido students are still living. Chang, Chun Il currently resides in New York state, and Im, Hyon Soo who lives and teaches in Korea. Both of these men were promoted to 9th dan by GM Choi.
Description:
Hapkido combines joint locks, pressure points, throws, kicks, and strikes for practical self-defense. Emphasizes circular motion, non-resistive movements, and control of the opponent.
Although Hapkido contains both outfighting and infighting techniques, the goal in most situations is to get inside for a close-in strike, lock, or throw. When striking, deriving power from hip rotation is strongly emphasized.
Training:
Varies with organization and instructor. In some schools beginners concentrate on basic strikes and kicks, along with a few joint locks and throws. Some of the striking and kicking practice is form-like, that is, with no partner, however, most is done with a partner who is holding heavy pads that the student strikes and kicks full power.
Advanced students add a few more strikes and kicks as well as many more throws, locks, and pressure points. There is also some weapons training for advanced students - primarily rope/scarf, short stick, cane, boken, and staff.
Some schools do forms, most do not. Some do sparring and some do not, although at the advanced levels, most schools do at least some sparring. Many Hapkido techniques are unsuitable for use in sparring as their use would result in injury, even when protective gear is used. Thus sparring typically uses only a limited subset of techniques.
There is generally an emphasis on physical conditioning and exercise, including "ki" exercises.

URLs:

www.hapkido.vtoy.fi/ehapkido.html www.psychology.uiowa.edu/MartialArts/Hapkido/ www.hapkido.com www.hapkido.org www.du.edu/~machambe/Hapkido.html www.cs.uregina.ca/~skagos/Hapkido/Hapkido.html www.ichf.com

11.5) Hwa Rang Do

Intro: Hwa Rang Do is a comprehensive, modern, eclectic martial arts
system encompassing unarmed combat, weaponry, internal training and healing
techniques.

Origin:    Korea

History:
In March 1942, the founder of Hwa Rang Do, Dr. Joo Bang Lee and
his brother, Joo Sang Lee were introduced to the Buddhist monk Suahm Dosa
by their father, who was a personal friend of the monk, and they began
their formal training aged 5 & 6.

The brothers lived and trained as students under the monk on
the weekends and during school vacations and also trained in other
martial arts when they were unable to train under Suahm Dosa.  Influences
includes Boxing, Yudo, Komdo, and Kongsoodo.  In addition, the Lee
brothers studied Hapkido under GM Choi Yong Sool.

In April 1960 Dr. Joo Bang Lee claims to have created his martial art by
combining Suham Dosa's techniques with the other systems he had trained.
He choose the name Hwa Rang Kwan to describe his system and this also
is thought to be the first time that Hwa Rang was used in connection
with unarmed Korean martial arts.

Since there is no way of knowing if the techniques Suahm Dosa taught the
brothers actually was the martial art of the Silla Hwa Rang, or another
form of monk martial art, Dr. Joo Bang Lee says he wanted to "combine
the spirit and philosophy of the Hwa Rang with his martial arts knowledge".

In 1962, the Lee Brother's founded the Korean Martial Arts Association
(Han Kuk Mu Sul Hwe - shortened name Kuk Sul Hwe).  Due to various
conflicts within the leadership of the Korean Martial Arts Association
it was disbanded in 1966 and its original members started their own
respective organizations.

Following this dissolution, Dr. Joo Bang Lee concentrated his efforts
solely on the development of his own martial arts system.  He called it Hwa
Rang Do, "The Way of the Flowering Manhood".

In 1968, Head Grandmaster Joo Sang Lee taught Hapkido and Hwa Rang Do in
the USA.  Dr. Joo Bang Lee became the system's "Supreme Grandmaster" upon
Suahm Dosa's death in 1969.  He immigrated to the USA in 1972 and later
founded the World Hwa Rang Do Association.  Today  World Hwa Rang Do
Association is headquartered in Downey, California (USA).  Joo Sang Lee is
no longer involved with JB Lee's Hwa Rang Do.

Kim, Myung Man of Australia also independently named his art Hwa Rang Do.
Kim Myung Man's teaching are based on his training in Chang Moo Kwan and
his training with the military.  As with JB Lee's Hwa Rang Do, Kim's material
is a derivative of Hapkido, has a focus on full-power fighting techniques,
covert skills and Ki cultivation.

Description:  JB Lee's Hwa Rang Do is a combination of UM (soft/circular
movement) and YANG (hard/linear movement), making it a very diversified
and comprehensive martial art.  The Mu Sul (martial aspects) of Hwa Rang Do
can be further explained in four distinct - though interconnecting - paths
of study.

NAE GONG - deals with developing, controlling, and directing one's Ki,
or internal energy force, through breathing and meditation exercises in
conjunction with specific physical techniques. Due to the exercises'
internal nature, they demand patience and concentration.

WAE GONG - Wae gong includes more than 4000 offensive and defensive
combative applications.  Combining elements predominantly tense and
linear in nature with those soft and circular, these techniques mesh to
form a natural fighting system.  This phase includes full instruction in
all hand strikes and blocks (trapping and grabbing as well as deflection
applications, using the hands, wrist, forearm, elbows, arms and
shoulders), 365 individual kicks, throws and falls from any position and
onto any surfaces, human anatomical structure as it pertains to combat
applications (knowing and utilizing the body's weak points to
effectively control the opponent, regardless of their size), joint
manipulation and breaking, finger pressure-point application, prisoner
arrest, control and transport, grappling applications, forms, offensive
choking and flesh-tearing techniques, defense against multiple
opponents, breaking techniques, counter-attacks, and killing techniques.

MOO GI GONG - involves the offensive and defensive use of the over 108
traditional weapons found within 20 categories of weaponry.  By learning
these various weapon systems, the practitioner can most effectively
utilize any available object as a weapon as the situation demands.

SHIN GONG - is the study, development, and control of the human mind in
order to attain one's full potential and mental capabilities.  Techniques
are taught to achieve an increase in one's total awareness, focus, and
concentration levels.

Included are instruction in : controlling one's mind; development of the
"sixth sense"; memory recall; the study of human character and
personalities; practical psychology; visualization; the art of
concealment and stealth as utilized by special agents (Sulsa); as well
as advanced, secretive applications.

Hwa Rang Do teaches both the martial art (mu-sul) and healing art
(in-sul).  If one is able to injure or worse, then he/she should know how
to heal as well, once again maintaining harmony through balance of
opposites.  The In Sul aspects (the study of the Oriental Healing Arts)
of Hwa Rang Do are every bit as complex and demanding as the study of
Occidental Medicine. First aid applications, revival techniques are
taught in conjunction with the traditional full studies of acupuncture,
acupressure, herbal and natural medicines, and bone setting.

Training: A typical training session includes Meditation (beginning and
end of class).  Total body stretching and warm-up exercises. Basic
punching and kicking practice.  Ki power exercises. "Basic-8" combination
drills (which vary by belt rank).  Two-man countering techniques (vary by
belt rank).  Open session which may include: sparring, tumbling,
grappling, sweeps, or advanced techniques. Self-defense techniques. Cool
down exercises.  Hwa Rang Do code of ethics.

For additional information on Master JB Lee's HwaRangDo:

World Hwa Rang Do Association
8200 E. Firestone Blvd.
Downey, CA 90241
(562) 861-0111

Sub-styles:  Michael DeAlba's Modern Hwa Rang Do

URLs:

www.hwarangdo.com
www.hwarang.org/hwarang
www.csn.net/hwarang/index.html
linus.socs.uts.edu.au/~osborn/hrd.html

11.6) Kuk Sool Won

Intro:

Kuk Sool Won is a comprehensive system of the traditional Korean
martial arts; it is not a 'style' of martial art per se.  It incorporates
aspects of different martial arts, including Hapkido and Ship Pal Gi.

Origin:    Korea

History:

In 1910, Japan dismantled the Korean Royal Court armies as a part
of their occupation of the Korean peninsula.  The practice of any Korean
martial art was prohibited and martial arts weapons were confiscated. One
of those who went into hiding was Master Instructor Suh Myuhng Duk. He
started training his grandson, Suh In Hyuk at the age of 5 and continued to
train with him until his untimely death during the Korean War. Suh In Hyuk
had letters of introduction, though, and continued to train with other
practitioners of traditional Korean MAs. One teacher, Hai Dong Seu Nym,
instructed Suh in special types of breathing exercises, meditation
techniques and ki skills. Another very influential teacher was Hapkido's
Choi Yong Sool.

In the 1960's Suh In Hyuk organized the martial arts he had learned and
produced a system he called Kuk Sool. He associated it as Kuk Sool Won
in 1961. In 1974 Suh In Hyuk came to the US. He established the World Kuk Sool
Association Headquarters in 1975 in San Francisco; later moved to Houston, Texas.

Description:

Kuk Sool Won is a comprehensive system of Korean martial arts.  
It includes joint-locking, grappling, sparring, throwing techniques,
forms training, falling principles, pressure point striking, accupressure
and acupuncture, hand striking, leg techniques, acrobatics, body
conditioning, animal-style techniques, weapons, internal energy systems,
meditation and breathing techniques.

URLs:  kuksool.org

11.7) Kumdo

Intro:      A popular sport in Japanese and Korean communities.

Origin:     Japan

History:

Kumdo (Kendo in Japan) is the sport and competitive form of the Japanese art
of Kenjutsu.  Kumdo has been practiced for a long time in one form or another.

Description:

The practitioners wear protective armor and use simulated swords (split
bamboo called "shinai") to "spar" against one another.  Strike areas are
limited as are moves.  It is a very formal art.  It is linear, hard, and external.

Training:

Training mostly consists of two-person drills, basics, and some kata that
have been retained from kenjutsu between individuals.

11.8) Soo Bahk Do

Intro:      A traditional Korean unarmed martial art. Soo (hand) Bahk (strike 
or educated) Do (way or road).  A hard/soft classical art with powerful kicking techniques.

Origin:     Korea

History:   Soo Bahk as Soo Bahk Hi / Soo Bahk Ki is mentioned often
throughout ancient korean history when martial arts are mentioned. Most
specifically in the Moo Ye Do Bo Tong Ji (Military Arts Manual) which was
writen in the 1700's. During the Japanese occupation of Korea GM Hwang Kee
after learning a bit of TaekKyon left Korea for China where he was
able to study Chinese Gung Fu. In 1945 he returned to Korea and opened
his scool called Moo Duk Kwan (Institude of Martial Virtue) calling the art Hwa
Soo Do (way of the flowering hand) do to lack of a name for his art. When he
had extreme difficulty attracting students he reopened his school as Tang
Soo Do after gaining the permission of other Seoul instructors using that
term. He rapidily found success. In 1957 Hwang Kee found the Moo Ye Do
Bo Tong Ji in the Ministry of Transportation library. In it was described what
GM Hwang claimed was the martial art of Soo Bahk Hi.

In 1961 he reincorperated the Korean Tang Soo Do Association as the
Korean Soo Bahk Do Association. The Moo Duk Kwan being the first member
school to join and the Ji Do Kwan which had taught it's art as
Kong Soo Do was the next member school to join. These two schools
together comprised over 70% of students with Dan ranking in Korea
at that time. By about 1964 most students had left the Korean Soo Bahk
Do Association. The Ji Do Kwan founder also quit, leaving Moo Duk Kwan as
the only remaining school. Over a period of time instructors where sent over
seas. Due to the two names many American servicemen had been taught (Tang
Soo Do and Soo Bahk Do) many other countries had the art introduced as Tang
Soo Do.

Description: Soo Bahk Do is a hard soft style with powerful kicking
techniques similar to Tae Kwon Do. It does make greater use of the hands
however. Students are encouraged to be "warriors" but to also be
scholars. Students are expected to learn korean terminology and history as
well as encourgaed to learn beyond these areas. As a classical Martial arts
there is relatively little competion to the point of almost none in some
areas. A unique aspect of Soo Bahk Do is also the fact that "Black Belts"
don't wear black but Midnight Blue instead. The theory is that black is
infinate and therefore perfect and as one can never be perfect the Dans wear
blue to siginify that imptovemnet is always possible. The emphasis in Soo
Bahk Do is on Physical, Spiritual and Mental well being as well as self
defense. Students practice forms, sparring and self defense techniques
similar to those in Aikido. Dan level students learn to defend against knives
and short staves.

Influences:  Northern chinese, due to GM Hwang Kee's studies in China.
Okinawan, GM Hwang Kee utilized Okinawan Forms learned from a book
wriiten by Funakoshi.

URLs: www.soobahkdo.com, www.soobahkdo.org

11.9) Taekwondo

Intro:    One of the most popular sports and martial arts in the world.  Often
characterized by its fast, high, and powerful spinning kicks.  Tae = Foot,
Kwon = Fist, Do = Way.

Origin:   Korea

History:

After fifty years of occupation by Japan (which ended in 1945) and after
the division of the nation by the Korean War, Korean nationalism spurred
the creation of a national art in the 1950s.  Combining the styles of
numerous Kwans active within the country since 1945, the name Taekwondo
was eventually settled upon and began being used throughout S.Korea
about 1964.  Names frequently used prior to that were Tang Soo Do, Kong
Soo Do, Kwon Bup, Hwa Soo Do, and Tae Soo Do.  The name Taekwondo was
apparently selected because of its similarity with the name Taek-kyon, a
martial art native to Korea.

The kwans, or schools, previously mentioned that were
most involved were:

School	Founder
Chung Do Kwan Song Moo Kwan Moo Duk Kwan Yon Moo Kwan Chang Moo Kwan Chi/Ji Do Kwan Oh Do Kwan	Won Kuk Lee Noh Byung Jik Hwang Kee Chun Sang Sup Pyong In Yun Yon Kue Pyang Choi Hong Hi and Nam Tae Hi

In April 1955, a committee was organized by Gen. Choi Hong Hi to choose a unifying name for the art practiced by the original Kwans. Attending this meeting were various business leaders and also Chung Do Kwan instructors GM Son Duk Sung and GM Hyun Jong Myun. Gen. Choi, as chairman of the committee, is credited with suggesting the name "Tae Kwon". The committee unanimously agreed. However, the name was not immediately accepted by the other Kwans.

Various organizations were formed over the years to bring the Korean martial arts under one roof: the Korea Tang Soo Do Association, the Korea Kong Soo Do Association, Korea Soo Bahk Do Association, and the Korea Tae Soo Do Association. Finally, the Korea Taekwondo Association was born out of the Korea Tae Soo Do Association in 1965.
In 1966 the International Taekwon-do Federation (ITF) was formed by Gen. Choi as a private organization. Gen. Choi focused his efforts and that of the ITF on popularizing Taekwondo outside of S.Korea. In 1972, Gen. Choi and the ITF left S.Korea and resettled in Canada.
In 1971 S.Korean President Park Chung Hee declared Taekwondo to be Korea's national sport and funds were allocated to create the world headquarters for Taekwondo, the Kukkiwon, completed in 1972. In 1973 the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF) was formed with Dr. Kim Un Yong as President. Taekwondo is an official olympic sport in Sydney 2000.
Other than the WTF and the ITF there are numerous smaller Taekwondo federations and organizations, e.g. the American Taekwondo Association, the Global Taekwon-do Federation, Universal Taekwondo Federation, US Taekwondo Association, US National Taekwondo Federation, Unified Taekwon-do International, World Taekwondo Association, etc., however all these Taekwondo groups use somewhat similar techniques and approaching to teaching and training.

Training frequently emphasizes sparring, forms, and basics.

Influence:

Taekwondo was strongly influenced by Okinawan Karate and Japanese Karate-do, because of the 50 year Japanese occupation of Korea. It was forbidden to train in Korean martial arts during the Japanese occupation, so many people were trained in Japanese martial arts. Also many Koreans were sent to Japan for education and military training and were taught Japanese martial arts during their time in Japan.

Description:

Taekwondo is a version of unarmed combat designed for the purpose of self-defense. It is the scientific use of a body that has gained the ultimate use of its facilities through intensive physical and mental training.

The purpose of Taekwondo instruction is to help cultivate a person into a physically, morally, and socially idealistic human being. Physically, it promotes health, self-defense ability, and enhancement of physical abilities. Mentally, it aids in social, emotional, and intellectual development.
The basic movements of Taekwondo are stances, blocks, kicks, and strikes. The basic attacks are arm applied techniques such as punching with a fist, striking with the edge of the hand or other part of the body, basic kicking, and jump kicks.

Poomsae training is an important part of Taekwondo as offensive and defensive techniques can be practiced and trained even without a training partner or instructor being present. During Poomsae training one must learn the pattern and understand fully the significance of the moves in the pattern.

Sparring is often strongly stressed once a student begins to learn the basic movements and techniques of Taekwondo. This sparring may take the form of use of street self-defense techniques or sport sparring techniques. Kicks are often stressed in Taekwondo as a person legs are much stronger than their arms, thus kicks are frequently able to do more damage to an attacker than punches.

Self-defense techniques such as fighting while in a sitting position, defense against a short club, and defense against a knife.

URLs:

www.wtf.org www.kukkiwon.or.kr/eng/ www.itf-taekwondo.com/index.html www.martialartsresource.com/korean/history.html www.martialartsresource.com/korean/spirit.html www.artsci.wustl.edu/~vhmontal/GTF/index.html ucsu.colorado.edu/~tkd/USTF/ustf.html www.ustu.com expert.cc.purdue.edu/~jidokwan/forms/forms.html scs.student.Virginia.EDU/~uvatkd/ustu-factbook/ cal007301.student.utwente.nl/TaeKwonDo/ www.infomedi.net

Brief Taekwondo Bibliography:

"Korean Martial Sports" - Willy Pieter - 1994 - Journal of Asian Martial Arts

"Korean Hwarang and Japanese Samuray" - willy Pieter - 1984 - Olympic Scientific Congress (Schors-Verlag 1985)

"Etymological notes on the terminology of some Korean martial arts" - Willy Pieter - 1981 - Asian Journal of Physical Education.

"Interview with Master Park Jung Tae" - Paul Clifton - 1990 - Combat (November issue)

"Instructors Profile: GM Park Jung Tae" - Dan & Katie Preuss - 1994 - TKD Times, December

"The flower boys of Silla" - R. Rutt - 1961 - Transactions of the Korean Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society.

"Taekwondo: The Korean art of self defense" - Choi H. H. - 1972 - ITF, Toronto.

11.10) Taekwondo Chung Do Kwan

Intro: The original style of "Korean Karate".
Origin: Yong Chun, Seoul, South Korea
History:
Chung Do Kwan as translated into English is The Gym of the Blue Wave. This original style of Taekwondo was founded by Grandmaster Won Kuk Lee in 1944. GM Lee received training in Shotokan Karate, under its founder Funakoshi Gichen, while attending law school at Chuo University. A direct translation of Shotokan into Korean characters is pronounced as Song Do Kwan, GM Lee changed the Song character to the Chung character for the art he taught. The explanation he gave for this is that in Korea you do not name your child with your name. GM Lee first began teaching an art called Tang Soo Do in a middle school in Seoul. That school was closed shortly do to lack of students. Then in 1945 in a church GM Lee began to teach again, some of his students were Duk Sung Son, Woon Kyu Uhm, Jong Myung Hyun, Jae Chun Ko, Jhoon Rhee, and Hyun Ok Shin.
When the Korean War broke out, GM Lee fled to Japan, choosing Son Duk Sung as his successor. GM Son was chosen partially because he was the oldest of the senior students.
After the Korean War, many of the older Chung Do Kwan members who served in the Korean military began opening Tang Soo Do Chung Do Kwan branches. GM Son was later replaced by GM Uhm Woon Kyo. GM Uhm still holds this position today.
After moving to the United States, GM Son founded the World Tae Kwon Do Association. He later began reusing the name Chung Do Kwan in describing his version of Taekwondo.
Through the years as the Korean martial arts progressed the term used to refer to Chung Do Kwan had changed from Tang Soo Do to Tae Soo Do, and then finally to Taekwondo.
Description:
As Chung Do Kwan is a style of Taekwondo, it follows the same ideas as Taekwondo as a whole, with specialty techniques being the side kick, flying side kick, jumping side kick, and later the turn around side kick/back kick and jumping/flying turn around side/back kick.
Training:
All classes in the Chung Do Kwan began with a recitation of the membership oath lead by the senior student:
We as members, train our spirits and bodies according to the strict code We as members, are united in mutual friendship We as members, will comply with regulations and obey instructors
Then class would begin with basics, followed by forms, and then 1, 3 and/or 5 step training, free sparring and then a formal bow out ceremony.
Also additional training was done with the Kwon Go (Makiwara) outside of class by most students if not all, at some point it was included in the formal workout, but is not present in Tae Kwon Do training today as it was then.
The original set of forms used by the Chung Do Kwan were taken from Japan ese and Okinawan arts, later they were replaced by the military Chon Ji set until Gen. Choi left Korea. At that point the official forms of the Chung Do Kwan and the other Kwans were the newly created Palgwes and then finally replaced with the Tae Geuks. Many Grandmasters and Masters in the Chung Do Kwan have branched out and are no longer affiliated with the WTF /Kukkiwon and the Korea Taekwondo Chung Do Kwan, so many practitioners of the Chung Do Kwan style of Taekwondo know practice many different forms, including all of the above as well as others. The only official current forms of the Korea Taekwondo Chung Do Kwan are the WTF Tae Geuks.
Also of interest is the 30 year old US Chung Do Kwan Association headed by GM Edward Sell. The USCDKA has affiliated schools all over the USA and a few other countries.
URLs: www.uscdka.com
11.11) T'aeggyon (aka. Tae Kyun, Tae Kyon, Taek Kyon)
Intro: A traditional martial art of Korea.
Origin: Korea.
History:
T'aeggyon has been designated as a national treasure of Korea. Originating around the start of the nineteenth century, T'aeggyon is often described as a parent art of the more famous t'aegwondo (aka. Tae Kwon Do, T'aekwondo, Taekwon-Do). T'aeggyon, as a traditional Korean martial art, was illegal during the Japanese Occupation of Korea (1910-1945) and only two masters were still active at the end of that era. The most famous of these was Duk-Ki Song(1893-1987), who repopularized t'aeggyon in the late 1950s. Renewed interest in t'aeggyon influenced the development of t'aegwondo, which until then had closely mirrored its Japanese antecedent of Shotokan karate-do.
Description:
T'aeggyon is a game that serves to bridge the striking arts and the grappling arts. The person who gets the first point wins the bout. You can earn a point by:
1. Kicking the opponent in the head. 2. Throwing or sweeping the opponent to the floor.
Training:
Students learn crescent kicks, roundhouse kicks, and sweeps, as well as some throws reminiscent of yudo (aka. judo). Open palm pushes are the most common hand technique. Falling is also an important part of training, including dive rolls, etc. Students are divided into lower ranks (ma-dang) and upper ranks (pum).
Sub-styles:
Practitioners in Pusan apparently allow front thrust kick during sparring. The Seoul branch (at least those under Ki-Hyun Do) do not allow any thrust kicks (ie. no front kicks or side kicks). The Seoul branch also does not teach any closed fist techniques or pressure point strikes. Videos of the Pusan style are available from Robert Young at his Korean Martial Arts Resource (KMAR) web page.
URL: www.taekkyon.or.kr/en/
11.12) Yudo
Intro:
Yudo is the same as the Japanese art of Judo. The following is a description of Judo.
Origin: Japan
History:
Judo is derived from the Japanese arts of Jujutsu. It was created by Prof. Jigoro Kano who was born in Japan in 1860 and who died in 1938 after a lifetime of promoting Judo. Mastering several styles of jujutsu in his youth Kano began to develop his own system based on modern sports principles.
In 1882 he founded the Kodokan Judo Institute in Tokyo where he began teaching and which still is the international authority for Judo. The name Judo was chosen because it means the "gentle way". Kano emphasised the larger educational value of training in attack and defense so that it could be a path or way of life that all people could participate in and benefit from. He eliminated some of the traditional jujutsu techniques and changed training methods so that most of the moves could be done with full force to create a decisive victory without injury.
The popularity of Judo increased dramatically after a famous contest hosted by the Tokyo police in 1886 where the Judo team defeated the most well-known jujutsu school of the time. It then became a part of the Japanese physical education system and began its spread around the world. In 1964 men's Judo competition became a part of the Olympics, the only eastern martial art that is an official medal sport. In 1992 Judo competition for women was added to the Olympics.
Description:
Judo is practiced on mats and consists primarily of throws and grappling, which includes pins, chokes, and armbars. Additional techniques, including striking and various joint locks are found in the judo katas. Judo is generally compared to wrestling but it retains its unique combat forms. As a daughter to Jujutsu these techniques are also often taught in Judo classes.
Because the founder was involved in education (President of Tokyo University) Judo training emphasizes mental, moral and character development as much as physical training. Most instructors stress the principles of Judo such as the principle of yielding to overcome greater strength or size, as well as the scientific principles of leverage, balance, efficiency, momentum and control.
Training:
Judo training has many forms for different interests. Some students train for competition by sparring and entering the many tournaments that are available. Other students study the traditional art and forms (kata) of Judo. Other students train for self-defense, and yet other students play Judo for fun. Black belts are expected to learn all of these aspects of Judo.
Sub-Styles:
Because Judo originated in modern times it is organized like other major sports with one international governing body, the International Judo Federation (IJF), and one technical authority (Kodokan). There are several small splinter groups (such as the Zen Judo Assoc.) who stress judo as a "do" or path, rather than a sport.
Unlike other martial arts, Judo competition rules, training methods, and rank systems are relatively uniform throughout the world.
*************************************************************
* 12.0 TaeKwonDo Olympic sparring rules
*************************************************************

American Taekwondo Association 6210 Baseline Road Little Rock, Arkansas=A072209 USA 501-568-2821 http://www.taekwondousa.com atausa1@aristotle.net

Asian Taekwondo Union (WTF) c/o Kyungwon University San 65 Bokjung-dong, Sujung-gu Sungnam City Kyonggi-do 461-701 Korea 82-0342-750-5564

American Tang Soo Do Association 170 Pleasant Street Malden, Massachusetts 02148 USA 781-324-9568 FAX: 781-324-9136 http://www.grandmasterbyrne.com info@grandmasterbyrne.com

British Taekwondo Control Board (WTF) 11 Hassocks Hedge Banbury Lane Northampton, United Kingdom NN4-9QA 44-1-604-460800 http://www.btcb.org kevinhornsey@btcb.freeserve.co.uk

British United Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF) 58 Wiltshire Lane Eastcote, Pinner Middleessex, United Kingdom HA5-2LU 0181-429-0878 http://www.butf.com headoffice@butf.com
Canadian International Taekwon-Do Federation 4265 Papineau Ave. Montreal, Quebec Canada H2H-1T3
Confederacao Brasileira de Taekwondo (WTF) Rua Voluntarios da Patria 245-Sobrado Cep. 22.270-010-Botafogo Rio de Janeiro Brazil
Deutsche Taekwondo Union (WTF) Luisenstr. 3 90762 Furth Germany 49-911-9748888 FAX: 49-911-9748889 http://www.dtu.de dtu-office@t-online.de
European Han Mu Do Association Udenseweg 8 5405 PA Uden The Netherlands 31-413-330213 FAX: 31-413-330214 http://www.hanmudo.org
European Sin Moo Hapkido Association Badenerstr. 156 b 800 Zurich, Switzerland 0041-1-242-97 65
European Taekwondo Union (WTF) PO Box 37 7570 AA Oldenzaal The Netherlands 31-541-536358
Federation Francaise de Taekwondo et Disciplines Associees (WTF) Rue d'Arsonval 69330 Meyzieu France 33-472-028397 http://www.fftda.fr pvisco@aol.com
Federacion Chilena de Taekwondo (WTF) Vicuna Mackenna 40 Oficina 12 Santiago, Chile 56-2-6354000 fechita@entelchile.net
Federacion Mexicana de Taekwondo, Ltd (WTF) Calle Incas #12 Altos 29 Entre Peru Y Hondurassalena Mixhuca Col. Centro C.P. 06010 Mexico 52-5-5190113
Hong Kong Taekwondo Association (WTF) Room 1014, Sports House 1 Stadium Path So Kon Po, Causeway Bay Hong Kong, China 852-2-5048116
India Taekwondo Federation of India (WTF) RZ-85, Bhawanl Kunj Pocket D-2, Vasant Kunj New Delhi-110070 India 91-11-689-9838 FAX: 91-11-689-9840
International Combat Hapkido Federation 22-C New Leicester Hwy. #173 Asheville, NC 28806 USA 828-683-4240 FAX: 828-683-1744 http://www.ichf.com info@ichf.com
International Hapkido Alliance / Australian Hapkido Group 246 George Street Liverpool NSW 2170 Australia 612-9824-2999 FAX: 612-9824-1767
International Hapkido Federation 522, KA Chang Ree Whea Sa Myon Yong In Kun Kyong Ki Do Korea 0335-34-3368 http://www.usa-hapkido.com
International Hapkido Federation (different from above) 3201 Santa Monica Blvd Santa Monica, California 90404 USA 310-829-2643 http://www.bongsoohan.com
International Hoshin-kido Hapkido Federation 359 A. Des Laurentides, Pont Viau, Laval, Montreal, (Quebec), Canada H7G 2T9 FAX: 450-662-2218 http://www.mouseweb.com/hoshinkidohapkido hoshinkidohapkido@mouseweb.com
International Kongshin Hapkido Association 1017 S. Washington St. Marion, IN 46953
International Modern Hapkido Federation 4460 Homestead Drive Moscow, PA 18444 USA 570-842-1558 FAX: 570-842-3233 http://modernhapkido.org
International Taekwondo Academy Kukkiwon World Taekwondo Headquarters 635, Yuksam-dong Kangnam-gu Seoul 135-080, South Korea 82-2-566-2505 FAX: 82-2-553-4728 http://www.wwf.org http://www.kukkiwon.or.kr/eng/ wtf@unitel.co.kr
International Taekwondo Council 3353 Bradshaw Road Suite 201 Sacramento, California USA 95827 916-368-1350 http://www.itckarate.com itchq@pacbell.net
International Taekwon-Do Federation Drau Gasse 3 A-1210 Vienna, Austria 292-8475, 292-5509 http://www.itf-taekwondo.com http://www.itf-generalchoi.com itghqvienna@compuserve.com
International Tang Soo Do Federation 3955 Monroeville Blvd Monroeville, Pennsylvania 15146 USA 412-373-8666 FAX: 412-373-5671 http://www.tangsoodo.co.uk
Irish Taekwondo Union (WTF) 14 Clontarf Road Dublin 3 Rep. of Ireland 353-1-8334453 fax 353-1-8334453
Japan Taekwondo Federation (WTF) Daisan-Nisshin Bldg, 12 floor 2-6-4, Shinjuku Tokyo 160-0022, Japan 81-3-3350-0550
Jin Pal Hapkido Martial Arts Federation 1415 Albert St. Regina, Saskatewan, Canada S4R2R8 http://www.jinpal.com tlok@ttlcomp.com
Kong Shin Bup International 181 Gore Street Sault Ste Marie, Ontario, P6A 1M4 Canada 705-759-4854 http://www.nkmaa.ca kwanjang@nkmaa.ca
KoreAmerica TaeKwon-Do Union (KATU) 441 South Main St. #97 Manchester, Connecticut 06040 USA 860-649-9696 FAX: 860-649-1231 http://www.itf-katu.com
Korea Hapkido Association Se-jong bldg. 202 7-1 Shin-Moon-ro 1-ka. Chong-ro-ku. Seoul 110-061 Korea 08-02-735-6661 FAX: 08-02-735-6662
Korea Hapkido Federation 18-11, Rung-dong Kwangjin-ku Seoul 143-180, Korea 2-452-3538 FAX: 2-456-0953
Korea Judo Association Room 504 Olympic Center 88 Oryoon-dong Songpa-ku Seoul 138-749, Korea 2-422-0581 judo@sports.or.kr
Korea Jungki Hapkido & Guhapdo Association 4th Floor Bek Kwang building 39-14 Samduk 1 Street Chung-Ku Daegu City, Korea
Korea KiDo Association 122-2 Nam Yang Building 3000 Non Hyun Dong Gangnam-gu Seoul, Korea 2-540-2156-7 or in Pusan, 3-35 Shin Chang Dong Jung Gu Pusan, Korea 51-246-4277
Korea Kumdo Association Room 505 Olympic Center 88 Oryoon-dong Songpa-ku Seoul 138-749, Korea 2-420-4258-9
Korea Ssireum Organization 634-10 Yundang Builing, Sinsa-dong Gangnam-gu Seoul 135-120, Korea 2-3446-1144
Korea Seoul City Mapooku Tae Kwon Do Association 2-717-6565 2-274-0541
Korean Martial Arts Instructors Association 475 W. Silver Star Road Ocoee, Florida 34761 USA 407-654-0555 FAX: 407-654-4661 hackworth@worldkeyonline.com Korean Soo Bahk Do Association 59-3 Nahnyoung-dong Yongsahn-goo Seoul 140-160, Korea 2-794-0809 Korea Taekwondo Association Room 607 Olympic Center 88 Oryoon-dong Songpa-ku Seoul 138-749, Korea 2-420-4271 http://www.koreataekwondo.org
Korea Traditional Taekkyon Association
Chungju, Korea
0441-845-1784

Korea Tae Kwon Do Moo Duk Kwan Association
195-1 Mapo-dong
Mapo-gu
Seoul, Korea
02-2274-0541
02-706-0541
FAX: 02-717-6565

Korea Taekkyon Association
#629-15 Shinsa-dong
Kangnam-gu
Seoul, Korea
82-2-516-2707
82-2-511-2559
FAX: 82-2-542-3539
taekkyon@hanmir.com
http://www.taekkyon.or.kr/en/

Korea TangSooDo MooDukKwan Society
475 W. Silver Star Road
Ocoee, Florida 34761
USA
407-654-0555
Haemukwan@aol.com

Kukkiwon
World Taekwondo Headquarters
635, Yuksam-dong
Kangnam-gu
Seoul 135-080, Korea
82-2-566-2505
FAX: 82-2-553-4728
http://www.kukkiwon.or.kr/eng/
http://www.wrf.org
wtf@unitel.co.kr

National Hapkido Association
475 W. Silver Star Road
Ocoee, Florida 34761
USA
407-654-0555
FAX: 407-654-4661
http://www.nationalhapkido.net
hackworth@worldkeyonline.com

National Korean Martial Arts Association
181 Gore Street
Sault Ste Marie, Ontario, P6A 1M4
Canada
705-759-4854
http://www.nkmaa.ca
kwanjang@nkmaa.ca

National Tang Soo Do Federation
PO Box 26265
Dayton, Ohio 45426
USA
937-268-6472
240-461-5555
HQ@nationaltangsoofederation@hotmail.com

New Zealand Taekwondo Federation (WTF)
P.O.Box 14-540
Panmure, Auckland
New Zealand
64-9-570-9228
FaX: 64-9-570-4311

Pan American Taekwondo Union (WTF)
440 S. Washington St.
Falls Church, Virginia 22046
USA
703-534-3737
FAX: 703-536-3223
http://www.patu.org
patuhq@patu.org

Philippine Taekwondo Association (WTF)
Rizal Memorial Sports Complex
Vito Cruz Street, Malate
Metro-Manila, P.O.Box 2272
Philippines
63-2-815-2135
FAX: 63-2-817-7235

Polish Taekwon-do Association (ITF)
Nowowiejskiego 1/38
20-880 Lublin
Poland
48-81-7430150
http://www.pztkd.lublin.pl

Polish Taekwondo Federation (WTF)
Reymonta 35
60-791 Poznan
Poland
48-61-8663410 (both phone & fax)
http://www.taekwondo.home.pl
taekwondo@home.pl

Polish Taekwon-do Union (GTF)
P.O. Box 572
50-950 Wroclaw 2
Poland
48-71-3101639
FAX: 48-71-3101642
http://www.taekwondo.dw.pl
piotrgasior@poczta.onet.pl

Russian Taekwondo Union (WTF)
8, Luzhnetskaya nab.
Moscow 119871, Russia
7-095-201-0628
http://www.atha.ru
matekedu@mtu-net.ru

South African Taekwondo Federation (WTF)
P.O.Box 61418
Vaalpark, 9573
South Africa
27-16-9711-078

Taekwondo Association of China (WTF)
9, Tiyuguan Road
Beijing 100763, People's Republic of China
86-10-6702-1308

Taekwondo Australia Inc.
24 Orion St. Vermont, 3133
Melbourne. VIC.
Australia
61-03-9874-7094
http://www.taekwondoaustralia.org.au
jkotsifas@rct-law.com.au

Taekwondo World Foundation
1313 Dolley Madison Blvd
Suite 104
McLean, Virginia 22101
USA
202-872-1000

United States Chung Do Kwan Association
PO Box 1474
Lakeland, Florida 33802
USA
941-858-9427
http://www.uscdka.com

United States Hapkido Federation
P.O. Box 177
Bloomington, Indiana 47401
USA
812-855-4143
http://www.hapkido.org/html/

United States Korean Martial Arts Federation
291 Highway 51, E-10
Ridgeland, Mississippi 39157
USA
601-856-8487
FAX: 601-898-9687
http://www.hapkido.com
hapkido@netdoor.com

United States National Taekwondo Association
475 W Silver Star Road
Ocoee, Florida 34761
USA
407-654-0555
FAX: 407-654-4661
http://www.usnta.net
hackworth@worldkeyonline.com

United States National Taekwondo Federation
9956 W. Grand Ave.
Franklin Park, Illinois 60131
USA
847-451-6000
FAX: 847-451-1333
http://www.usntf.com
kwons_tkd@msn.com

United States Soo Bahk Do Moo Duk Kwan Federation
20 Milburn Ave
Springfield, New Jersey
USA
201-467-3971
http://www.soobahkdo.com

United States Taekwondo Association
220 East 86th Street
New York, New York 10028
USA
212-772-8919

United States Taekwon-do Federation (ITF)
6801 W. 117th Ave
#E-5
Broomfield, Colorado 80020
USA
303-466-4963

United States Taekwondo Union (WTF)
1 Olympic Plaza
Suite 104C
Colorado Spgs, Colorado 80909
USA
719-578-4632
http://www.ustu.org

United States Yudo Association
PO Box 620533
Orlando, Florida 32862-0533
USA
407-859-5013
FAX: 407-855-2620
http://www.usyudo.org

Universal Tae Kwon Do Brotherhood
2427 Buckingham Road
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104
USA
313-971-7040 M-F 10AM to 5PM, Eastern timezone
http://www.geocities.com/Tokyo/Towers/8602/index.html

Venezuelan Taekwondo Federation (WTF)
10455 SW 96 Street
Miami, FL 33176
USA
58-81-665298
FAX: 1-305-598-9543
fevetkah@telcel.net.ve
macsupp@earthlink.net

World Dang Soo Do Union
SoungTan Moo Duk Kwan Dojang
Soungtan, Korea
011-82-31-666-2480
FAX: 011-82-31-666-2480
http://communities.msn.ca/WTSDU
tsdmdk@hotmail.com
dangsoo@yahoo.co.kr.com

World Hai Dong Gumdo Federation
Republic of Korea
Kyungki Do
Sangnam Si
Pundang Ku
Chongcha Dong 54-1
463-010
http://www.haidonggumdo.com

World Hapkido Federation
PO Box 15523
Los Angeles, California 90015
USA
714-730-3000
http://www.worldhapkidofederaton.com

World Hapkido Games Federation
KaeBongDong 170-41
4F
Kuroku
Seoul 152-090, Korea
2-2625-0961
http://www.hapkido.co.kr
hanjd@hapkido.co.kr

World Han Mu Do Association
4816 Jamestown Ave.
Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808
USA
225-924-2837

World Hwa Rang Do Association
8200 Firestone Blvs
Downey, California 90241
USA
562-861-0111
http://www.hwarangdo.com

World KiDo Federation
36472 Fremont Blvd.
Fremont, California 94536
USA
510-796-4115
FAX: 510-744-0266
http://www.kidohae.com
websabum@kidohae.com

World Kuk Sool Association
3347 GM 1960 West
Houston, Texas 77068
USA
281-893-1686
http://www.kuksool.org

World Kum Do Association
1207 East Locust Street
Davenport, IA 52803
USA
319-323-9801
worldkumdo@home.com
worldkumdo@yahoo.com

World Moo Duk Kwan Tang Soo Do Federation
524 Wilbur St.
Brandon, Florida 33511
USA
813-684-2284

World Sin Moo Hapkido Association
1400 Willow Ave
Elkins, Pennsylvania 19027
USA
215-782-3008
FAX: 215-782-3068

World Song Moo Kwan Association
2913 Lyndale Avenue S
Minneapolis, MN 55408
USA
612-823-8233
FAX: 612-823-1433
http://www.songmookwan.com
songmookwan@hotmail.com

World Tae Kwon Do Association
4th Floor
47 West 14th Street
New York, New York 10003
USA
212-675-8143
http://www.wtahq.com

World Taekwondo Federation
see Kukkiwon

World Tang Soo Do Association
709 Oregon Ave.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19148
USA
215-468-2121
FAX: 215-336-2121
http://www.worldtangsoodo.com
wtsda@aol.com

World Tang Soo Do Union
see World Dang Soo Do Union

WTF Taekwondo Association of Canada (WTF)
1300 Carling Ave
Ottawa, Ontario
Canada K1Z-7L2
613-722-9760
wtfcanada@msn.com

*************************************************************
* 15.0 The people that made this FAQ possible
*************************************************************

This FAQ is not a one person effort, but the combined effort
of many. Many thanks to those below that made this FAQ possible.

Brad Appleton	bradapp@enteract.com
Anthony Boyd	tonyclare@netsgo.com
Dakin Burdick	burdickd@indiana.edu
Ross Deforrest	ssor@tenet.edu
Jay Fallik	fallik@acsu.buffalo.edu
Carsten Jorgensen	hwarang@usa.net
Steve Kincade	skincade@telapex.com
Pat Macken	mackenpc@cio.net
Barry Nauta	barrel@dds.nl
Randy Pals	pals@ipact.com
OEyvind Saeter	oes@pvv.ntnu.no
Lorelei Senna	KSWJKN@aol.com
Holcombe Thomas	hhthomas@netvigator.com
Glenn H. Uesugi	puunui@aloha.net

(sorry if I left anyone out)
Some answers given may reflect personal biases of the author and the FAQ's contributors. The answers contained herein pertain to discussions on the_dojang-digest distribution list and are by no means exhaustive.
Copyright 1997-2002: Ray Terry, Martial Arts Resource, California Taekwondo and Hapkido
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THE END OF THE KMA FAQ
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