From: the_dojang-request@martialartsresource.net Subject: The_Dojang digest, Vol 9 #61 - 4 msgs X-Mailer: Mailman v2.0.8 To: the_dojang@martialartsresource.net Sender: the_dojang-admin@martialartsresource.net Errors-To: the_dojang-admin@martialartsresource.net X-BeenThere: the_dojang@martialartsresource.net X-Mailman-Version: 2.0.8 Precedence: bulk Reply-To: the_dojang@martialartsresource.net X-Reply-To: the_dojang@martialartsresource.net List-Help: List-Post: X-Subscribed-Address: rterry@idiom.com List-Subscribe: List-Id: The Internet's premier discussion forum on Korean Martial Arts. List-Unsubscribe: Status: OR Send The_Dojang mailing list submissions to the_dojang@martialartsresource.net To subscribe or unsubscribe via the World Wide Web, visit http://martialartsresource.net/mailman/listinfo/the_dojang or, via email, send a message with subject or body 'help' to the_dojang-request@martialartsresource.net You can reach the person managing the list at the_dojang-admin@martialartsresource.net When replying, please edit your Subject line so it is more specific than "Re: Contents of The_Dojang digest..." <<--------------- The_Dojang mailing list --------------->> Serving the Internet since June 1994. Copyright 1994-2002: Ray Terry and Martial Arts Resource The Internet's premier discussion forum devoted to Korean Martial Arts. See the Korean Martial Arts (KMA) FAQ and the online search engine for back issues of The_Dojang at http://MartialArtsResource.com Pil Seung! Today's Topics: 1. History - part 2 (Ray Terry) 2. ITF & WTF/Thanks everyone :o) (Dizzy S.) 3. Kung Pow (Rudy Timmerman) 4. History - part 3 (Ray Terry) --__--__-- Message: 1 From: Ray Terry To: the_dojang@martialartsresource.net Date: Thu, 07 Feb 2002 19:52:30 PST Subject: [The_Dojang] History - part 2 Reply-To: the_dojang@martialartsresource.net Colonial Period (part 2) Economic Exploitation Between 1905 and 1908, Japanese control over Korea's currency was secured with the rapidly growing volume of Daiichi Bank notes. Supported by generous loans from their home government, Japanese merchants could easily expand their activities and invade the Korean market. Japanese firms operated in Korea with a combined capital in excess of 10 million Won. The number of Japanese residents in Korea in 1908 totaled to 126,000, and by 1911 the number had risen to 210,000. The number of Japanese residents engaged in farming also grew rapidly as Japan's seizure of Korean land gathered momentum. Korean farmers controlled by the usurious Japanese capital became an easy prey to expropriation. The Office of the Government-General enacted a series of laws concerning land ownership to the decided advantage of the Japanese. In the meantime, large Japanese capitalists coercively purchased land, mainly in Jeolla-do and Chungcheong-do provinces, during the period between 1905 to 1910. The Honam Plain in Jeolla-do province, long known as the Korean granary, was rapidly becoming a Japanese farm, and such land seizures quickly spread to other provinces. Intruding into fertile and well-irrigated lands on a nationwide scale, the Japanese advanced toward the north, occupying first the Daegu and Jochiwon areas along the Seoul-Busan railway and the Hwangju area along the Seoul-Sinuiju railway. In order to carry out land expropriation on a broader and more systematic scale, the Government-General began the practice of distributing to Japanese farmers unclaimed land and military farms of the Korean government. Having worked out a plan aimed at resettling Japanese farmers in Korea, he established the Oriental Development Company in 1908 and seized Korean land, reducing the royal property and its budget. The Japanese plan called for the seizure of state-owned unreclaimed land, military farms cultivated by troops, and the mobilization of Korean laborers for their reclamation. Within a year, the company had seized 30,000 hectares (75,000 acres) of military farms and unclaimed land. By means of usurping the Korean government's control over its own financial management, the Japanese also removed property from the royal household. This policy was aimed at preventing Emperor Gojong from raising resistance funds. Educational Change The Independence Club's advocacy of modern reform raised popular consciousness of political participation. Schools founded by Christian missionaries introduced Western style, modern education to Korea. In the face of intensifying Japanese aggression, the government worked toward resolving educational problems. It promulgated regulations for the Hanseong Normal School, foreign language institutes and primary education in 1895, and those for medical colleges, middle schools and commercial and technical schools in 1899, thereby laying the foundation for modern education. In 1904, commercial and technical schools were expanded to include agricultural schools. Foreign language institutes for Japanese, English and French came into being in 1895, for Russian in 1896, and for Chinese and German in 1900. Special schools were established to provide various government agencies with skilled workers. They offered curricula in such fields as mining, law, postal service and electricity. There were many other schools founded by private citizens and missionaries to encourage Korean nationalist conciousness. The Choeongnyeon Hagwon, founded in 1904 and operated by pastor Jeon Deokgi, provided education for young men in close liaison with the activities of the Sinminhoe, a secret independence organization. Its membership included prominent intellectuals and patriotic leaders. However, the school was forced to close by the Japanese in 1914. Through the Office of the Resident-General, Japan assumed actual power over Korean education affecting reorganization of the educational system by imperial edict. The Japanese attempted to bring all schools under government management, reduce the number of schools, subordinate the content of education to their colonial policy, and retard Korean education by lowering the level of academic content. Through the decree for private schools promulgated in 1908, the Japanese strengthened their control over private schools and shut many of them down. Schools were, however, continuously established in the Maritime Province and in the Gando district across the Dumangang river. In 1919 the number of Korean schools reached to 130 in Manchuria alone. Like their colleagues at home, patriotic leaders in exile in Manchuria laid emphasis on education as a prerequisite for the independence struggle. In 1905, Ju Sigyeong made a proposal to the government concerning studies of the Korean language and compilation of a dictionary. As a result of his efforts and those of the National Language Research Institute established in 1907, a new system was introduced for the national script. Under this system, the exclusive use of Chinese characters in official documents and communication was replaced by the mixed use of Chinese characters and Hangeul. Newspapers and books used the new writing system in order to spread knowledge of European institutions more rapidly among the populace. Through his work on Korean grammar and phonology published in the years 1908-1914, Ju Sigyeong exerted a profound impact on scientific research of the Korean language. He also taught that language and script were the foundation of national spirit and culture. On the basis of a modern understanding of the national language, a new literary movement began, aimed at arousing national consciousness among the masses. New-style poems, novels and travel accounts were published in Hangeul. These creative literary achievements were made possible by the translation and imitation of European and American literature, from the latter part of the 19th century to the 1910s. This early stage of the enlightenment movement provided a basis for the modern literature of the 1920s. (to continue) --__--__-- Message: 2 From: "Dizzy S." To: the_dojang@martialartsresource.net Date: Thu, 07 Feb 2002 22:39:15 -0500 Subject: [The_Dojang] ITF & WTF/Thanks everyone :o) Reply-To: the_dojang@martialartsresource.net Troy wrote: <<<<.....To me paper is paper. You are only paying for paper. Now if you want to spend hundreds of dollars and certify with all these different groups than do so. As long as you know you are the rank you have on your wall. I don't care for all the politics with Tae Kwon Do. I have certification from several Tae Kwon Do organizations and they all are very dear to me. I am teaching my current black belts to research all the political mess with ITF/WTF and let them choose who they would like to go with. All I add is let's forget about all this and keep teaching like we have been doing.>>>> Amen, Troy. I hated TKD at first because of the politics, but now that my new school is WTF TKD, well, I realized it's not the politics that make the martial artist, it's the martial artist who practices hard that does. I could care less about who did what, when they did it, who owns what ..... I love the arts, no matter what art it is, I'll do my damnest to be the best I can be. Dizzy _________________________________________________________________ Get your FREE download of MSN Explorer at http://explorer.msn.com/intl.asp. --__--__-- Message: 3 Date: Thu, 07 Feb 2002 23:39:25 -0500 From: "Rudy Timmerman" To: the_dojang@martialartsresource.net Subject: [The_Dojang] Kung Pow Reply-To: the_dojang@martialartsresource.net Ray writes: > I also have a little 'meridian man'. He stands about 16" tall (?) and has > the meridians and points mapped out on him. Hello Ray: I also picked one of the little fellows up. They are a dime a dozen in SF China town, and they come with some meridian maps etc. I'll do my best with the Kung Pow as soon as the cows are defrosted here. Right now, they are frozen so solid up in the great white North that they have a hard time doing a flying side kick, let alone a spinning kick. Kinda useless at this time of the year, so there's no sense bringing 'em along:) Rudy --__--__-- Message: 4 From: Ray Terry To: the_dojang@martialartsresource.net Date: Thu, 07 Feb 2002 23:20:04 PST Subject: [The_Dojang] History - part 3 Reply-To: the_dojang@martialartsresource.net Colonial History (part 3) Further Moves Against Japanese Rule The Japanese Government-General was constantly sensitive to the public awareness and education of Koreans. Thus, in a nationwide search conducted in 1910 for books on Korean history and geography, 200,000 to 300,000 were confiscated and burned. Included in the proscription were Korean readers, biographies of national heroes of earlier centuries, and Korean translations of foreign books relating to independence, the birth of the nation, revolution, etc. The Japanese also re-interpreted Korean history for their own purposes. Historians employed at the Research Department of the Southern Manchurian Railroad Company were ordered to distort Korean history. The Historical Geography of Manchuria, Historical Geography of Korea, and Report of Geographical and Historical Research in Manchuria are products of such historiography. In The History of the Korean Peninsula (1915), the Japanese limited the scope of Korean history to the peninsula, severing it from relations with the Asian continent and brushing aside as fallacy judgments made by Korean historians. This Japanese attempt to annihilate the Korean national consciousness was even more conspicuous in educational policy. The Educational Act promulgated in September 1911 was geared mainly to secure manpower for the operation of the colonial establishment. The Japanese also tightened their control of traditional as well as private schools. More than 90 percent of school-age children were denied the opportunity to learn, thereby keeping them illiterate. The 12 years between 1910 and 1922 saw a spectacular decrease in the number of private schools, from more than 2,000 to about 600. Such was the dire effect of the efforts of the Japanese colonial masters to extinguish Korea's national consciousness. Early in 1907, when resistance against the Office of the Resident-General was at its height under the leadership of the "righteous armies," the Sinminhoe came into being. The aim of this secret organization was to recover independence. Led by An Changho, the association continued to grow, and by 1910 had a membership of more than 300, representing all the provinces. On December 27, 1910, Governor-General Terauchi was to attend a ceremony dedicating the railway bridge over the Amnokgang river. On a false charge that Sinminhoe members had engaged in a conspiracy to assassinate him on his way to the ceremony, the Japanese arrested more than 600 of the society members and their sympathizers, of whom 105 were convicted under severe torture. Some were beaten to death and six members, including Yun Chiho, Yang Gitak, An Taeguk and Yi Seunghun, were sentenced to prison terms. This Japanese fabrication was exposed by such foreign missionaries as H. G. Underwood, G.S. McCune and S.A. Moffet. P.L. Gilette, Secretary-General of the Korean Young Men's Christian Association, went to China and declared to the world that the incident was a fabrication. The same disclosure was made in a booklet entitled The Korean Conspiracy Case by A.J. Brown, Secretary-General of the Presbyterian Missions in Foreign Countries, at the request of missionary organization in Korea. Brown criticized Japan's colonial policy, calling Korea "a well-regulated penal colony." In spite of Terauchi's maneuvering to dissolve the Sinminhoe, commanders of the "righteous armies" organized the Independence Army Headquarters in 1913 under the leadership of Im Byeongchan with the aim of redirecting popular opinion to the cause of restoring national sovereignty. The objectives of the Korean Sovereignty Restoration Corps, originally organized at Aniram, a Buddhist monastery in Taegu in 1915, included independence agitation through direct action and through diplomatic channels, and the supplying of military funds to the Provisional Government of Korea in Exile in Shanghai. The corps planned an assault on Japanese military police stations in 1919, mobilizing thousands of villagers. (to continue) --__--__-- _______________________________________________ The_Dojang mailing list The_Dojang@martialartsresource.net http://martialartsresource.net/mailman/listinfo/the_dojang It's a great day for Taekwondo! Support the USTU by joining today. US Taekwondo Union, 1 Olympic Plaza, Ste 104C, Colorado Spgs, CO 80909 719-578-4632 FAX 719-578-4642 ustutkd1@aol.com http://www.ustu.org Old digest issues are available via ftp://ftp.martialartsresource.com. Copyright 1994-2002: Ray Terry and Martial Arts Resource Standard disclaimers apply. Remember 9-11! End of The_Dojang Digest