Date: Fri, 8 Feb 2002 07:40:55 -0800 (PST) From: the_dojang-request@martialartsresource.net Subject: The_Dojang digest, Vol 9 #62 - 3 msgs X-Mailer: Mailman v2.0.8 To: the_dojang@martialartsresource.net Sender: the_dojang-admin@martialartsresource.net Errors-To: the_dojang-admin@martialartsresource.net X-BeenThere: the_dojang@martialartsresource.net X-Mailman-Version: 2.0.8 Precedence: bulk Reply-To: the_dojang@martialartsresource.net X-Reply-To: the_dojang@martialartsresource.net List-Help: List-Post: X-Subscribed-Address: rterry@idiom.com List-Subscribe: List-Id: The Internet's premier discussion forum on Korean Martial Arts. List-Unsubscribe: Status: OR Send The_Dojang mailing list submissions to the_dojang@martialartsresource.net To subscribe or unsubscribe via the World Wide Web, visit http://martialartsresource.net/mailman/listinfo/the_dojang or, via email, send a message with subject or body 'help' to the_dojang-request@martialartsresource.net You can reach the person managing the list at the_dojang-admin@martialartsresource.net When replying, please edit your Subject line so it is more specific than "Re: Contents of The_Dojang digest..." <<--------------- The_Dojang mailing list --------------->> Serving the Internet since June 1994. Copyright 1994-2002: Ray Terry and Martial Arts Resource The Internet's premier discussion forum devoted to Korean Martial Arts. See the Korean Martial Arts (KMA) FAQ and the online search engine for back issues of The_Dojang at http://MartialArtsResource.com Pil Seung! Today's Topics: 1. History - part 4 (Ray Terry) 2. History - part 5 (Ray Terry) 3. Tedeschi's Books (Richard Zaruba) --__--__-- Message: 1 From: Ray Terry To: the_dojang@martialartsresource.net Date: Thu, 07 Feb 2002 23:31:17 PST Subject: [The_Dojang] History - part 4 Reply-To: the_dojang@martialartsresource.net Colonial History (part 4) Land Survey and Other Forms of Oppression At the time the Government-General was established, the Japanese embarked on land surveying for the consolidation of their colonial economic system. They concentrated all of their administrative resources on this project, mobilizing both military and civilian police forces. Prior to this, in order to reorganize its financial administration in 1898, the Korean government had launched a land survey, and the Office of Land Survey of the Ministry of Finance issued land certificates in 1901 to farms that were surveyed. The project was not completed and in 1905 Japan forced the Ministry of Finance to carry out a land survey to provide an inventory of the Korean government's revenue sources, paving the way for seizure of land. In 1908, the Japanese forced the Korean government to establish a land survey office to ascertain the amount of real estate owned by the royal household. On the basis of this survey, all immovables owned by the household, except the palaces, the royal mausoleum and royal tombs, were listed as government property. In 1912, the Government-General promulgated laws requiring real-estate owners to make reports on their land within a prescribed period of time, empowering the Japanese financial office to further endorse their ownership of all Korean land. The land survey took eight years, beginning in 1910, and cost 20,400,000 yen. It laid the foundation for wholescale expropriation of the nation. By utilizing the favorable new conditions, the Oriental Development Company was able to expand its ownership of land to 154,221 hectares. The number of tenant farmers subordinate to the company exceeded 300,000. These same tenant farmers had already been deprived of their right to cultivate land as a result of Japanese aggression. The number of disputes concerning land ownership which arose as a result of the survey amounted to 34,000 cases. Most of these disputes came from Koreans who were deprived of their land by the survey, or by false accusations from Japanese in their attempts at illegal acquisition of land. The Government-General resolved the disputes by the application of the "enforced conciliation law." In 1911 the Government-General enforced measures to provide the Japanese freedom to fell trees, and the authority of Japanese lumbering companies in Korea was expanded. In May 1918, the Japanese promulgated the Korean Forestry Ordinance, forcing forest owners to register with the colonial office. Through a survey separating state and private forests, the Japanese used the pretext of nationalization to transfer the ownership of 1,090,000 hectares of village forests and 3,090,000 hectares of grave forests to Japanese lumbering companies. Excessive felling of trees by the Japanese brought about devastation of Korean forests, and extensive erosion followed in the devastated mountains. To impede the progress of existing Korean companies and prevent the creation of new ones, the Company Ordinance was issued in December 1910. This ordinance empowered the government to grant charters, resulting in great hindrance to the development of Korean capital. Even chartered companies were subject to suspension or dissolution by the Government-General at will, and heavy penalties were stipulated for violators. The reduction of Korean capital was accompanied by rapid growth of Japanese investment in fundamental industries. The Regulations for Fisheries Associations of 1912 also enabled the Japanese to bring Korean fisheries under their control by enforcing joint sale of all that Korean fishermen caught. About 30,000 Japanese fishermen residing in Korea, and about 90,000 other Japanese fishermen, mostly poachers, devastated Korean fishing grounds which had been providing a livelihood for 200,000 Korean fishermen. Korean farmers fared no better, as the Government-General controlled financial associations by means of usurious loans. In addition, the Oriental Development Company served as an agent of the Government-General in implementing a large-scale resettlement program that saw no fewer than 98,000 Japanese owner-families settled in Korea prior to 1918. (to continue) --__--__-- Message: 2 From: Ray Terry To: the_dojang@martialartsresource.net Date: Fri, 08 Feb 2002 7:45:17 PST Subject: [The_Dojang] History - part 5 Reply-To: the_dojang@martialartsresource.net Colonial History - part 5 March 1st Independence Struggle A nationwide uprising on March 1, 1919 in Korea was an outcry for national survival in the face of the intolerable aggression, oppression, and plundering by the Japanese colonialists. An apparent sudden change in the international situation in the wake of World War I stimulated a group of Korean leaders to launch an independence struggle, both at home and abroad. Among the activities of Korean leaders abroad, Syngman Rhee, then in the United States, planned to go to Paris in 1918 to make an appeal for Korean independence, but his travel abroad was not permitted by the U.S. government, which considered its relationship with Japan more important. As an alternative, Rhee made a personal appeal to U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, who was in Paris at that time, to place Korea under the trusteeship of the League of Nations. In December 1918, Korean students in Tokyo discussed the question of Korean independence and selected a committee of 10 members, including Choe Pal-yong, to put their plan into practice in January 1919. They convened a meeting of the Korean Student Association at the Korean Young Men's Christian Association building in Tokyo and declared Korean independence, but the students who gathered were dispersed by police after a brief clash. On February 23, they held a rally in Hibiya Park under the auspices of the Korean Youth Independence Corps, and staged demonstrations calling for Korean independence. Their aim was to stimulate independence resistance and make an appeal to the international society of nations. The New Korea Youth Party was organized in China in 1918, and it was decided that Kim Gyusik would be sent to the Paris Peace Conference to appeal for Korean independence. The party broadened its contacts with leaders in China, the United States, Japan, Manchuria and the Maritime Province of Siberia to promote its cause. At home, leaders of the Cheondogyo (formerly Donghak) movement, the most prominent among them being Son Byeonghui, decided that the independence movement should be popular in nature and non-violent. Under the leadership of Yi Sang-jae and Bak Huido, directors of the Young Men's Christian Association, students rallied to the banner of independence. The leaders of the movement also opened contact with Yi SCung-hun. The contributions of Choe Namson and Kim Dotae were especially valuable in cementing ties between Chaeondogyo and Christian leaders. On the Buddhist side, Han Yong-un had been carrying out a reform movement to rescue Buddhism from its decline caused by Japanese policy, and he also called strongly for an independence movement. Receiving an offer of cooperation from the Cheondogyo leaders, he immediately responded. The Confucianists had been constantly expressing antagonism to Japanese aggression, and some of them led the volunteer "righteous armies" in direct engagements with the Japanese. The independence movement was planned also in close liaison with various organizations which had been operating in secret. The climax came on March 1, 1919, when, during a period of public mourning for the recently deceased Emperor Gojong, the Declaration of Korean Independence was publicly proclaimed at Pagoda Park in Seoul. The aroused citizenry then demonstrated in the streets, shouting for Korean independence. This ignited a nationwide movement in which many people took part, regardless of locality and social status. The Koreans who were arrested by the Japanese and brought to trial represented all occupations and educational levels. Whereas the Koreans had no weapons at that time, the Japanese had stationed in their colony regular ground forces of one and a half divisions, in addition to a 5,402-man police force in 751 stations and a military police force nearly 8,000 strong. By mobilizing these armed forces, the Japanese perpetrated brutal atrocities in their effort to suppress the peaceful demonstrations of the Korean people. The Japanese side reinforced its police by throwing six infantry battalions and 400 military police troops into the suppression campaign. These forces killed about 7,500 Koreans and wounded nearly 16,000. Defining any Korean taking part in the independence resistance as a criminal, the Japanese decided to cope with subsequent demonstrations by a policy of massacre. A case at Suwon, Gyeonggi-do province, was typical. On April 15 that year, a squad of Japanese troops ordered about 30 villagers to assemble in a Christian church, closed all the windows and doors, then set the building afire. While the church burned for five hours, the Japanese soldiers aimed a concentrated barrage at the confined civilians, killing all of them, including women and infants. The Japanese soldiers also burned 31 houses in the village, then set fire to 317 houses in 15 villages in the vicinity. Informed of the incident, F.W. Schofield, a Canadian missionary, and other American missionaries visited the scene of the incident on April 17, personally viewing the traces of Japanese atrocities, and informed the world of what they had seen. The 33 signers of the Declaration of Korean Independence were taken before a Japanese court for trial, along with 48 others who worked in close cooperation with them for the independence movement. One of the prisoners, Han Yong-un, wrote "A Letter of Korean Independence," stating the reasons why the Korean people should be free. This writing ranks with the three-article Public Pledge attached to the Declaration of Korean Independence as one of the basic documents which laid the spiritual foundation of the 1919 independence movement. The Korean people in the course of the movement realized the necessity for both a government and armed resistance. The Provisional Government of Korea At the height of the independence movement, a provisional government of Korea was established in Vladivostok on March 21, in Shanghai on April 11, and in Seoul on April 21. The reason for such action in three different places almost simultaneously can be explained by the fact that the need for leadership was felt to be most urgent in the independence struggle. The provisional government in Seoul, with all 13 provinces represented, proclaimed Korean independence, asking Japan to repeal its colonial system and withdraw its occupation forces from Korea. It called upon the Korean people to refuse payment of taxes to the Japanese government, not to accept trials by Japanese courts, and to avoid employment at colonial offices. A direct challenge was posed by the Seoul government against the entire Japanese colonial system. The National Council of Korea in Vladivostok, when notified of the establishment of a provisional government in Shanghai, made efforts to integrate its activities with those of the Shanghai group. The latter passed a resolution calling for integration with the Seoul government. The first cabinet meeting was convened on November 4, marking the start of the functioning of the Provisional Government. As a representative of the Korean people, and as their only independence organization abroad, the Provisional Government, despite financial difficulties and attempts at infiltration and suppression, did its best to fulfill the international obligations of the Korean government. It declared war on totalitarian Japan and provided close cooperation with the Allied Powers during World War II. For 27 years, until its return home on November 23, 1945, after the Japanese surrender, the Provisional Government strove to represent the Korean people. (to continue) --__--__-- Message: 3 Date: Fri, 08 Feb 2002 09:28:54 -0600 From: Richard Zaruba To: Subject: [The_Dojang] Tedeschi's Books Reply-To: the_dojang@martialartsresource.net > As far as books. I am not a big fan of his history section and his pictures > are to small for these old eyes, but Mark Tedeschi's hapkido book has a very > good section on this subject. Tedeschi's large Hapkido book seems to contain his earlier book "Essential Anatomy for Healing and Martial Arts". While I am not a fan of the large Hapkido book, I do like the book "Essential Anatomy for Healing and Martial Arts" and it contains the Korean names for the points as well. It has enough information on the oriental system of medicine to get a good basic understanding of where the points are located and a very basic idea on how they are used. His approach to western anatomy is very basic and you are better off with the "Anatomy Coloring Book", no joke intended. I also like his newer books "The Art of Holding" and "The Art of Throwing" they are actually what I expected from the large hapkido book. They give the details of and the principles behind the techniques with descent size photos. But in my opinion, for what it is worth, I still prefer the books by GM In Hyuk Suh and Dr. He Young Kimm for techniques. Still nothing beats training under a knowledgeable instructor or master. Respectfully, Richard Zaruba _______________________________________________________________________ Richard Zaruba Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology University of North Dakota School of Medicine 501 North Columbia Road P.O. Box 9037 Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037 zaruba@medicine.nodak.edu 701.777.3952 office 701.777.2576 lab 701.777.2477 fax --__--__-- _______________________________________________ The_Dojang mailing list The_Dojang@martialartsresource.net http://martialartsresource.net/mailman/listinfo/the_dojang It's a great day for Taekwondo! Support the USTU by joining today. US Taekwondo Union, 1 Olympic Plaza, Ste 104C, Colorado Spgs, CO 80909 719-578-4632 FAX 719-578-4642 ustutkd1@aol.com http://www.ustu.org Old digest issues are available via ftp://ftp.martialartsresource.com. Copyright 1994-2002: Ray Terry and Martial Arts Resource Standard disclaimers apply. Remember 9-11! End of The_Dojang Digest